===========

Translation

===========

.. currentmodule:: django.utils.translation

Overview

========

In order to make a Django project translatable, you have to add a minimal

number of hooks to your Python code and templates. These hooks are called

:term:`translation strings <translation string>`. They tell Django: "This text

should be translated into the end user's language, if a translation for this

text is available in that language." It's your responsibility to mark

translatable strings; the system can only translate strings it knows about.

Django then provides utilities to extract the translation strings into a

:term:`message file`. This file is a convenient way for translators to provide

the equivalent of the translation strings in the target language. Once the

translators have filled in the message file, it must be compiled. This process

relies on the GNU gettext toolset.

Once this is done, Django takes care of translating web apps on the fly in each

available language, according to users' language preferences.

Django's internationalization hooks are on by default, and that means there's a

bit of i18n-related overhead in certain places of the framework. If you don't

use internationalization, you should take the two seconds to set

:setting:`USE_I18N = False <USE_I18N>` in your settings file. Then Django will

make some optimizations so as not to load the internationalization machinery.

.. note::

    Make sure you've activated translation for your project (the fastest way is

    to check if :setting:`MIDDLEWARE` includes

    :mod:`django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware`). If you haven't yet,

    see :ref:`how-django-discovers-language-preference`.

Internationalization: in Python code

====================================

Standard translation

--------------------

Specify a translation string by using the function

:func:`~django.utils.translation.gettext`. It's convention to import this

as a shorter alias, ``_``, to save typing.

.. note::

    Python's standard library ``gettext`` module installs ``_()`` into the

    global namespace, as an alias for ``gettext()``. In Django, we have chosen

    not to follow this practice, for a couple of reasons:

    #. Sometimes, you should use :func:`~django.utils.translation.gettext_lazy`

       as the default translation method for a particular file. Without ``_()``

       in the global namespace, the developer has to think about which is the

       most appropriate translation function.

    #. The underscore character (``_``) is used to represent "the previous

       result" in Python's interactive shell and doctest tests. Installing a

       global ``_()`` function causes interference. Explicitly importing

       ``gettext()`` as ``_()`` avoids this problem.

.. admonition:: What functions may be aliased as ``_``?

    Because of how ``xgettext`` (used by :djadmin:`makemessages`) works, only

    functions that take a single string argument can be imported as ``_``:

    * :func:`~django.utils.translation.gettext`

    * :func:`~django.utils.translation.gettext_lazy`

In this example, the text ``"Welcome to my site."`` is marked as a translation

string::

    from django.http import HttpResponse

    from django.utils.translation import gettext as _

    def my_view(request):

        output = _("Welcome to my site.")

        return HttpResponse(output)

You could code this without using the alias. This example is identical to the

previous one::

    from django.http import HttpResponse

    from django.utils.translation import gettext

    def my_view(request):

        output = gettext("Welcome to my site.")

        return HttpResponse(output)

Translation works on computed values. This example is identical to the previous

two::

    def my_view(request):

        words = ['Welcome', 'to', 'my', 'site.']

        output = _(' '.join(words))

        return HttpResponse(output)

Translation works on variables. Again, here's an identical example::

    def my_view(request):

        sentence = 'Welcome to my site.'

        output = _(sentence)

        return HttpResponse(output)

(The caveat with using variables or computed values, as in the previous two

examples, is that Django's translation-string-detecting utility,

:djadmin:`django-admin makemessages <makemessages>`, won't be able to find

these strings. More on :djadmin:`makemessages` later.)

The strings you pass to ``_()`` or ``gettext()`` can take placeholders,

specified with Python's standard named-string interpolation syntax. Example::

    def my_view(request, m, d):

        output = _('Today is %(month)s %(day)s.') % {'month': m, 'day': d}

        return HttpResponse(output)

This technique lets language-specific translations reorder the placeholder

text. For example, an English translation may be ``"Today is November 26."``,

while a Spanish translation may be ``"Hoy es 26 de noviembre."`` -- with the

month and the day placeholders swapped.

For this reason, you should use named-string interpolation (e.g., ``%(day)s``)

instead of positional interpolation (e.g., ``%s`` or ``%d``) whenever you

have more than a single parameter. If you used positional interpolation,

translations wouldn't be able to reorder placeholder text.

Since string extraction is done by the ``xgettext`` command, only syntaxes

supported by ``gettext`` are supported by Django. In particular, Python

:py:ref:`f-strings <f-strings>` are not yet supported by ``xgettext``, and

JavaScript template strings need ``gettext`` 0.21+.

.. _translator-comments:

Comments for translators

------------------------

If you would like to give translators hints about a translatable string, you

can add a comment prefixed with the ``Translators`` keyword on the line

preceding the string, e.g.::

    def my_view(request):

        # Translators: This message appears on the home page only

        output = gettext("Welcome to my site.")

The comment will then appear in the resulting ``.po`` file associated with the

translatable construct located below it and should also be displayed by most

translation tools.

.. note:: Just for completeness, this is the corresponding fragment of the

    resulting ``.po`` file:

    .. code-block:: po

        #. Translators: This message appears on the home page only

        # path/to/python/file.py:123

        msgid "Welcome to my site."

        msgstr ""

This also works in templates. See :ref:`translator-comments-in-templates` for

more details.

Marking strings as no-op

------------------------

Use the function :func:`django.utils.translation.gettext_noop()` to mark a

string as a translation string without translating it. The string is later

translated from a variable.

Use this if you have constant strings that should be stored in the source

language because they are exchanged over systems or users -- such as strings

in a database -- but should be translated at the last possible point in time,

such as when the string is presented to the user.

Pluralization

-------------

Use the function :func:`django.utils.translation.ngettext()` to specify

pluralized messages.

``ngettext()`` takes three arguments: the singular translation string, the

plural translation string and the number of objects.

This function is useful when you need your Django application to be localizable

to languages where the number and complexity of `plural forms

<https://www.gnu.org/software/gettext/manual/gettext.html#Plural-forms>`_ is

greater than the two forms used in English ('object' for the singular and

'objects' for all the cases where ``count`` is different from one, irrespective

of its value.)

For example::

    from django.http import HttpResponse

    from django.utils.translation import ngettext

    def hello_world(request, count):

        page = ngettext(

            'there is %(count)d object',

            'there are %(count)d objects',

            count,

        ) % {

            'count': count,

        }

        return HttpResponse(page)

In this example the number of objects is passed to the translation

languages as the ``count`` variable.

Note that pluralization is complicated and works differently in each language.

Comparing ``count`` to 1 isn't always the correct rule. This code looks

sophisticated, but will produce incorrect results for some languages::

    from django.utils.translation import ngettext

    from myapp.models import Report

    count = Report.objects.count()

    if count == 1:

        name = Report._meta.verbose_name

    else:

        name = Report._meta.verbose_name_plural

    text = ngettext(

        'There is %(count)d %(name)s available.',

        'There are %(count)d %(name)s available.',

        count,

    ) % {

        'count': count,

        'name': name

    }

Don't try to implement your own singular-or-plural logic; it won't be correct.

In a case like this, consider something like the following::

    text = ngettext(

        'There is %(count)d %(name)s object available.',

        'There are %(count)d %(name)s objects available.',

        count,

    ) % {

        'count': count,

        'name': Report._meta.verbose_name,

    }

.. _pluralization-var-notes:

.. note::

    When using ``ngettext()``, make sure you use a single name for every

    extrapolated variable included in the literal. In the examples above, note

    how we used the ``name`` Python variable in both translation strings. This

    example, besides being incorrect in some languages as noted above, would

    fail::

        text = ngettext(

            'There is %(count)d %(name)s available.',

            'There are %(count)d %(plural_name)s available.',

            count,

        ) % {

            'count': Report.objects.count(),

            'name': Report._meta.verbose_name,

            'plural_name': Report._meta.verbose_name_plural,

        }

    You would get an error when running :djadmin:`django-admin

    compilemessages <compilemessages>`::

        a format specification for argument 'name', as in 'msgstr[0]', doesn't exist in 'msgid'

.. _contextual-markers:

Contextual markers

------------------

Sometimes words have several meanings, such as ``"May"`` in English, which

refers to a month name and to a verb. To enable translators to translate

these words correctly in different contexts, you can use the

:func:`django.utils.translation.pgettext()` function, or the

:func:`django.utils.translation.npgettext()` function if the string needs

pluralization. Both take a context string as the first variable.

In the resulting ``.po`` file, the string will then appear as often as there are

different contextual markers for the same string (the context will appear on the

``msgctxt`` line), allowing the translator to give a different translation for

each of them.

For example::

    from django.utils.translation import pgettext

    month = pgettext("month name", "May")

or::

    from django.db import models

    from django.utils.translation import pgettext_lazy

    class MyThing(models.Model):

        name = models.CharField(help_text=pgettext_lazy(

            'help text for MyThing model', 'This is the help text'))

will appear in the ``.po`` file as:

.. code-block:: po

    msgctxt "month name"

    msgid "May"

    msgstr ""

Contextual markers are also supported by the :ttag:`translate` and

:ttag:`blocktranslate` template tags.

.. _lazy-translations:

Lazy translation

----------------

Use the lazy versions of translation functions in

:mod:`django.utils.translation` (easily recognizable by the ``lazy`` suffix in

their names) to translate strings lazily -- when the value is accessed rather

than when they're called.

These functions store a lazy reference to the string -- not the actual

translation. The translation itself will be done when the string is used in a

string context, such as in template rendering.

This is essential when calls to these functions are located in code paths that

are executed at module load time.

This is something that can easily happen when defining models, forms and

model forms, because Django implements these such that their fields are

actually class-level attributes. For that reason, make sure to use lazy

translations in the following cases:

Model fields and relationships ``verbose_name`` and ``help_text`` option values

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For example, to translate the help text of the *name* field in the following

model, do the following::

    from django.db import models

    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    class MyThing(models.Model):

        name = models.CharField(help_text=_('This is the help text'))

You can mark names of :class:`~django.db.models.ForeignKey`,

:class:`~django.db.models.ManyToManyField` or

:class:`~django.db.models.OneToOneField` relationship as translatable by using

their :attr:`~django.db.models.Options.verbose_name` options::

    class MyThing(models.Model):

        kind = models.ForeignKey(

            ThingKind,

            on_delete=models.CASCADE,

            related_name='kinds',

            verbose_name=_('kind'),

        )

Just like you would do in :attr:`~django.db.models.Options.verbose_name` you

should provide a lowercase verbose name text for the relation as Django will

automatically titlecase it when required.

Model verbose names values

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

It is recommended to always provide explicit

:attr:`~django.db.models.Options.verbose_name` and

:attr:`~django.db.models.Options.verbose_name_plural` options rather than

relying on the fallback English-centric and somewhat naïve determination of

verbose names Django performs by looking at the model's class name::

    from django.db import models

    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    class MyThing(models.Model):

        name = models.CharField(_('name'), help_text=_('This is the help text'))

        class Meta:

            verbose_name = _('my thing')

            verbose_name_plural = _('my things')

Model methods ``description`` argument to the ``@display`` decorator

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For model methods, you can provide translations to Django and the admin site

with the ``description`` argument to the :func:`~django.contrib.admin.display`

decorator::

    from django.contrib import admin

    from django.db import models

    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    class MyThing(models.Model):

        kind = models.ForeignKey(

            ThingKind,

            on_delete=models.CASCADE,

            related_name='kinds',

            verbose_name=_('kind'),

        )

        @admin.display(description=_('Is it a mouse?'))

        def is_mouse(self):

            return self.kind.type == MOUSE_TYPE

Working with lazy translation objects

-------------------------------------

The result of a ``gettext_lazy()`` call can be used wherever you would use a

string (a :class:`str` object) in other Django code, but it may not work with

arbitrary Python code. For example, the following won't work because the

`requests <https://pypi.org/project/requests/>`_ library doesn't handle

``gettext_lazy`` objects::

    body = gettext_lazy("I \u2764 Django")  # (Unicode :heart:)

    requests.post('https://example.com/send', data={'body': body})

You can avoid such problems by casting ``gettext_lazy()`` objects to text

strings before passing them to non-Django code::

    requests.post('https://example.com/send', data={'body': str(body)})

If you don't like the long ``gettext_lazy`` name, you can alias it as ``_``

(underscore), like so::

    from django.db import models

    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    class MyThing(models.Model):

        name = models.CharField(help_text=_('This is the help text'))

Using ``gettext_lazy()`` and ``ngettext_lazy()`` to mark strings in models

and utility functions is a common operation. When you're working with these

objects elsewhere in your code, you should ensure that you don't accidentally

convert them to strings, because they should be converted as late as possible

(so that the correct locale is in effect). This necessitates the use of the

helper function described next.

.. _lazy-plural-translations:

Lazy translations and plural

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

When using lazy translation for a plural string (``n[p]gettext_lazy``), you

generally don't know the ``number`` argument at the time of the string

definition. Therefore, you are authorized to pass a key name instead of an

integer as the ``number`` argument. Then ``number`` will be looked up in the

dictionary under that key during string interpolation. Here's example::

    from django import forms

    from django.core.exceptions import ValidationError

    from django.utils.translation import ngettext_lazy

    class MyForm(forms.Form):

        error_message = ngettext_lazy("You only provided %(num)d argument",

            "You only provided %(num)d arguments", 'num')

        def clean(self):

            # ...

            if error:

                raise ValidationError(self.error_message % {'num': number})

If the string contains exactly one unnamed placeholder, you can interpolate

directly with the ``number`` argument::

    class MyForm(forms.Form):

        error_message = ngettext_lazy(

            "You provided %d argument",

            "You provided %d arguments",

        )

        def clean(self):

            # ...

            if error:

                raise ValidationError(self.error_message % number)

Formatting strings: ``format_lazy()``

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Python's :meth:`str.format()` method will not work when either the

``format_string`` or any of the arguments to :meth:`str.format()`

contains lazy translation objects. Instead, you can use

:func:`django.utils.text.format_lazy()`, which creates a lazy object

that runs the ``str.format()`` method only when the result is included

in a string. For example::

    from django.utils.text import format_lazy

    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy

    ...

    name = gettext_lazy('John Lennon')

    instrument = gettext_lazy('guitar')

    result = format_lazy('{name}: {instrument}', name=name, instrument=instrument)

In this case, the lazy translations in ``result`` will only be converted to

strings when ``result`` itself is used in a string (usually at template

rendering time).

Other uses of lazy in delayed translations

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

For any other case where you would like to delay the translation, but have to

pass the translatable string as argument to another function, you can wrap

this function inside a lazy call yourself. For example::

    from django.utils.functional import lazy

    from django.utils.safestring import mark_safe

    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    mark_safe_lazy = lazy(mark_safe, str)

And then later::

    lazy_string = mark_safe_lazy(_("<p>My <strong>string!</strong></p>"))

Localized names of languages

----------------------------

.. function:: get_language_info(lang_code)

The ``get_language_info()`` function provides detailed information about

languages::

    >>> from django.utils.translation import activate, get_language_info

    >>> activate('fr')

    >>> li = get_language_info('de')

    >>> print(li['name'], li['name_local'], li['name_translated'], li['bidi'])

    German Deutsch Allemand False

The ``name``, ``name_local``, and ``name_translated`` attributes of the

dictionary contain the name of the language in English, in the language

itself, and in your current active language respectively.  The ``bidi``

attribute is True only for bi-directional languages.

The source of the language information is the ``django.conf.locale`` module.

Similar access to this information is available for template code. See below.

.. _specifying-translation-strings-in-template-code:

Internationalization: in template code

======================================

.. highlight:: html+django

Translations in :doc:`Django templates </ref/templates/language>` uses two template

tags and a slightly different syntax than in Python code. To give your template

access to these tags, put ``{% load i18n %}`` toward the top of your template.

As with all template tags, this tag needs to be loaded in all templates which

use translations, even those templates that extend from other templates which

have already loaded the ``i18n`` tag.

.. warning::

    Translated strings will not be escaped when rendered in a template.

    This allows you to include HTML in translations, for example for emphasis,

    but potentially dangerous characters (e.g. ``"``) will also be rendered

    unchanged.

.. templatetag:: trans

.. templatetag:: translate

``translate`` template tag

--------------------------

The ``{% translate %}`` template tag translates either a constant string

(enclosed in single or double quotes) or variable content::

    <title>{% translate "This is the title." %}</title>

    <title>{% translate myvar %}</title>

If the ``noop`` option is present, variable lookup still takes place but the

translation is skipped. This is useful when "stubbing out" content that will

require translation in the future::

    <title>{% translate "myvar" noop %}</title>

Internally, inline translations use a

:func:`~django.utils.translation.gettext` call.

In case a template var (``myvar`` above) is passed to the tag, the tag will

first resolve such variable to a string at run-time and then look up that

string in the message catalogs.

It's not possible to mix a template variable inside a string within

``{% translate %}``. If your translations require strings with variables

(placeholders), use :ttag:`{% blocktranslate %}<blocktranslate>` instead.

If you'd like to retrieve a translated string without displaying it, you can

use the following syntax::

    {% translate "This is the title" as the_title %}

    <title>{{ the_title }}</title>

    <meta name="description" content="{{ the_title }}">

In practice you'll use this to get a string you can use in multiple places in a

template or so you can use the output as an argument for other template tags or

filters::

    {% translate "starting point" as start %}

    {% translate "end point" as end %}

    {% translate "La Grande Boucle" as race %}

    <h1>

      <a href="/" title="{% blocktranslate %}Back to '{{ race }}' homepage{% endblocktranslate %}">{{ race }}</a>

    </h1>

    <p>

    {% for stage in tour_stages %}

        {% cycle start end %}: {{ stage }}{% if forloop.counter|divisibleby:2 %}<br>{% else %}, {% endif %}

    {% endfor %}

    </p>

``{% translate %}`` also supports :ref:`contextual markers<contextual-markers>`

using the ``context`` keyword:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% translate "May" context "month name" %}

.. templatetag:: blocktrans

.. templatetag:: blocktranslate

``blocktranslate`` template tag

-------------------------------

Contrarily to the :ttag:`translate` tag, the ``blocktranslate`` tag allows you

to mark complex sentences consisting of literals and variable content for

translation by making use of placeholders::

    {% blocktranslate %}This string will have {{ value }} inside.{% endblocktranslate %}

To translate a template expression -- say, accessing object attributes or

using template filters -- you need to bind the expression to a local variable

for use within the translation block. Examples::

    {% blocktranslate with amount=article.price %}

    That will cost $ {{ amount }}.

    {% endblocktranslate %}

    {% blocktranslate with myvar=value|filter %}

    This will have {{ myvar }} inside.

    {% endblocktranslate %}

You can use multiple expressions inside a single ``blocktranslate`` tag::

    {% blocktranslate with book_t=book|title author_t=author|title %}

    This is {{ book_t }} by {{ author_t }}

    {% endblocktranslate %}

.. note:: The previous more verbose format is still supported:

   ``{% blocktranslate with book|title as book_t and author|title as author_t %}``

Other block tags (for example ``{% for %}`` or ``{% if %}``) are not allowed

inside a ``blocktranslate`` tag.

If resolving one of the block arguments fails, ``blocktranslate`` will fall

back to the default language by deactivating the currently active language

temporarily with the :func:`~django.utils.translation.deactivate_all`

function.

This tag also provides for pluralization. To use it:

* Designate and bind a counter value with the name ``count``. This value will

  be the one used to select the right plural form.

* Specify both the singular and plural forms separating them with the

  ``{% plural %}`` tag within the ``{% blocktranslate %}`` and

  ``{% endblocktranslate %}`` tags.

An example::

    {% blocktranslate count counter=list|length %}

    There is only one {{ name }} object.

    {% plural %}

    There are {{ counter }} {{ name }} objects.

    {% endblocktranslate %}

A more complex example::

    {% blocktranslate with amount=article.price count years=i.length %}

    That will cost $ {{ amount }} per year.

    {% plural %}

    That will cost $ {{ amount }} per {{ years }} years.

    {% endblocktranslate %}

When you use both the pluralization feature and bind values to local variables

in addition to the counter value, keep in mind that the ``blocktranslate``

construct is internally converted to an ``ngettext`` call. This means the

same :ref:`notes regarding ngettext variables <pluralization-var-notes>`

apply.

Reverse URL lookups cannot be carried out within the ``blocktranslate`` and

should be retrieved (and stored) beforehand::

    {% url 'path.to.view' arg arg2 as the_url %}

    {% blocktranslate %}

    This is a URL: {{ the_url }}

    {% endblocktranslate %}

If you'd like to retrieve a translated string without displaying it, you can

use the following syntax::

    {% blocktranslate asvar the_title %}The title is {{ title }}.{% endblocktranslate %}

    <title>{{ the_title }}</title>

    <meta name="description" content="{{ the_title }}">

In practice you'll use this to get a string you can use in multiple places in a

template or so you can use the output as an argument for other template tags or

filters.

``{% blocktranslate %}`` also supports :ref:`contextual

markers<contextual-markers>` using the ``context`` keyword:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% blocktranslate with name=user.username context "greeting" %}Hi {{ name }}{% endblocktranslate %}

Another feature ``{% blocktranslate %}`` supports is the ``trimmed`` option.

This option will remove newline characters from the beginning and the end of

the content of the ``{% blocktranslate %}`` tag, replace any whitespace at the

beginning and end of a line and merge all lines into one using a space

character to separate them. This is quite useful for indenting the content of a

``{% blocktranslate %}`` tag without having the indentation characters end up

in the corresponding entry in the ``.po`` file, which makes the translation

process easier.

For instance, the following ``{% blocktranslate %}`` tag::

    {% blocktranslate trimmed %}

      First sentence.

      Second paragraph.

    {% endblocktranslate %}

will result in the entry ``"First sentence. Second paragraph."`` in the ``.po``

file, compared to ``"\n  First sentence.\n  Second paragraph.\n"``, if the

``trimmed`` option had not been specified.

String literals passed to tags and filters

------------------------------------------

You can translate string literals passed as arguments to tags and filters

by using the familiar ``_()`` syntax::

    {% some_tag _("Page not found") value|yesno:_("yes,no") %}

In this case, both the tag and the filter will see the translated string,

so they don't need to be aware of translations.

.. note::

    In this example, the translation infrastructure will be passed the string

    ``"yes,no"``, not the individual strings ``"yes"`` and ``"no"``. The

    translated string will need to contain the comma so that the filter

    parsing code knows how to split up the arguments. For example, a German

    translator might translate the string ``"yes,no"`` as ``"ja,nein"``

    (keeping the comma intact).

.. _translator-comments-in-templates:

Comments for translators in templates

-------------------------------------

Just like with :ref:`Python code <translator-comments>`, these notes for

translators can be specified using comments, either with the :ttag:`comment`

tag:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% comment %}Translators: View verb{% endcomment %}

    {% translate "View" %}

    {% comment %}Translators: Short intro blurb{% endcomment %}

    <p>{% blocktranslate %}A multiline translatable

    literal.{% endblocktranslate %}</p>

or with the ``{#`` ... ``#}`` :ref:`one-line comment constructs <template-comments>`:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {# Translators: Label of a button that triggers search #}

    <button type="submit">{% translate "Go" %}</button>

    {# Translators: This is a text of the base template #}

    {% blocktranslate %}Ambiguous translatable block of text{% endblocktranslate %}

.. note:: Just for completeness, these are the corresponding fragments of the

    resulting ``.po`` file:

    .. code-block:: po

        #. Translators: View verb

        # path/to/template/file.html:10

        msgid "View"

        msgstr ""

        #. Translators: Short intro blurb

        # path/to/template/file.html:13

        msgid ""

        "A multiline translatable"

        "literal."

        msgstr ""

        # ...

        #. Translators: Label of a button that triggers search

        # path/to/template/file.html:100

        msgid "Go"

        msgstr ""

        #. Translators: This is a text of the base template

        # path/to/template/file.html:103

        msgid "Ambiguous translatable block of text"

        msgstr ""

.. templatetag:: language

Switching language in templates

-------------------------------

If you want to select a language within a template, you can use the

``language`` template tag:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% load i18n %}

    {% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %}

    <!-- Current language: {{ LANGUAGE_CODE }} -->

    <p>{% translate "Welcome to our page" %}</p>

    {% language 'en' %}

        {% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %}

        <!-- Current language: {{ LANGUAGE_CODE }} -->

        <p>{% translate "Welcome to our page" %}</p>

    {% endlanguage %}

While the first occurrence of "Welcome to our page" uses the current language,

the second will always be in English.

.. _i18n-template-tags:

Other tags

----------

These tags also require a ``{% load i18n %}``.

.. templatetag:: get_available_languages

``get_available_languages``

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

``{% get_available_languages as LANGUAGES %}`` returns a list of tuples in

which the first element is the :term:`language code` and the second is the

language name (translated into the currently active locale).

.. templatetag:: get_current_language

``get_current_language``

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

``{% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %}`` returns the current user's

preferred language as a string. Example: ``en-us``. See

:ref:`how-django-discovers-language-preference`.

.. templatetag:: get_current_language_bidi

``get_current_language_bidi``

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

``{% get_current_language_bidi as LANGUAGE_BIDI %}`` returns the current

locale's direction. If ``True``, it's a right-to-left language, e.g. Hebrew,

Arabic. If ``False`` it's a left-to-right language, e.g. English, French,

German, etc.

.. _template-translation-vars:

``i18n`` context processor

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

If you enable the :class:`django.template.context_processors.i18n` context

processor, then each ``RequestContext`` will have access to ``LANGUAGES``,

``LANGUAGE_CODE``, and ``LANGUAGE_BIDI`` as defined above.

.. templatetag:: get_language_info

``get_language_info``

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You can also retrieve information about any of the available languages using

provided template tags and filters. To get information about a single language,

use the ``{% get_language_info %}`` tag::

    {% get_language_info for LANGUAGE_CODE as lang %}

    {% get_language_info for "pl" as lang %}

You can then access the information::

    Language code: {{ lang.code }}<br>

    Name of language: {{ lang.name_local }}<br>

    Name in English: {{ lang.name }}<br>

    Bi-directional: {{ lang.bidi }}

    Name in the active language: {{ lang.name_translated }}

.. templatetag:: get_language_info_list

``get_language_info_list``

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

You can also use the ``{% get_language_info_list %}`` template tag to retrieve

information for a list of languages (e.g. active languages as specified in

:setting:`LANGUAGES`). See :ref:`the section about the set_language redirect

view <set_language-redirect-view>` for an example of how to display a language

selector using ``{% get_language_info_list %}``.

In addition to :setting:`LANGUAGES` style list of tuples,

``{% get_language_info_list %}`` supports lists of language codes.

If you do this in your view:

.. code-block:: python

    context = {'available_languages': ['en', 'es', 'fr']}

    return render(request, 'mytemplate.html', context)

you can iterate over those languages in the template::

  {% get_language_info_list for available_languages as langs %}

  {% for lang in langs %} ... {% endfor %}

.. templatefilter:: language_name

.. templatefilter:: language_name_local

.. templatefilter:: language_bidi

.. templatefilter:: language_name_translated

Template filters

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

There are also some filters available for convenience:

* ``{{ LANGUAGE_CODE|language_name }}`` ("German")

* ``{{ LANGUAGE_CODE|language_name_local }}`` ("Deutsch")

* ``{{ LANGUAGE_CODE|language_bidi }}`` (False)

* ``{{ LANGUAGE_CODE|language_name_translated }}`` ("německy", when active language is Czech)

Internationalization: in JavaScript code

========================================

.. highlight:: python

Adding translations to JavaScript poses some problems:

* JavaScript code doesn't have access to a ``gettext`` implementation.

* JavaScript code doesn't have access to ``.po`` or ``.mo`` files; they need to

  be delivered by the server.

* The translation catalogs for JavaScript should be kept as small as

  possible.

Django provides an integrated solution for these problems: It passes the

translations into JavaScript, so you can call ``gettext``, etc., from within

JavaScript.

The main solution to these problems is the following ``JavaScriptCatalog`` view,

which generates a JavaScript code library with functions that mimic the

``gettext`` interface, plus an array of translation strings.

The ``JavaScriptCatalog`` view

------------------------------

.. module:: django.views.i18n

.. class:: JavaScriptCatalog

    A view that produces a JavaScript code library with functions that mimic

    the ``gettext`` interface, plus an array of translation strings.

    **Attributes**

    .. attribute:: domain

        Translation domain containing strings to add in the view output.

        Defaults to ``'djangojs'``.

    .. attribute:: packages

        A list of :attr:`application names <django.apps.AppConfig.name>` among

        installed applications. Those apps should contain a ``locale``

        directory. All those catalogs plus all catalogs found in

        :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` (which are always included) are merged into one

        catalog. Defaults to ``None``, which means that all available

        translations from all :setting:`INSTALLED_APPS` are provided in the

        JavaScript output.

    **Example with default values**::

        from django.views.i18n import JavaScriptCatalog

        urlpatterns = [

            path('jsi18n/', JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(), name='javascript-catalog'),

        ]

    **Example with custom packages**::

        urlpatterns = [

            path('jsi18n/myapp/',

                 JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(packages=['your.app.label']),

                 name='javascript-catalog'),

        ]

    If your root URLconf uses :func:`~django.conf.urls.i18n.i18n_patterns`,

    ``JavaScriptCatalog`` must also be wrapped by ``i18n_patterns()`` for the

    catalog to be correctly generated.

    **Example with** ``i18n_patterns()``::

        from django.conf.urls.i18n import i18n_patterns

        urlpatterns = i18n_patterns(

            path('jsi18n/', JavaScriptCatalog.as_view(), name='javascript-catalog'),

        )

The precedence of translations is such that the packages appearing later in the

``packages`` argument have higher precedence than the ones appearing at the

beginning. This is important in the case of clashing translations for the same

literal.

If you use more than one ``JavaScriptCatalog`` view on a site and some of them

define the same strings, the strings in the catalog that was loaded last take

precedence.

Using the JavaScript translation catalog

----------------------------------------

.. highlight:: javascript

To use the catalog, pull in the dynamically generated script like this:

.. code-block:: html+django

    <script src="{% url 'javascript-catalog' %}"></script>

This uses reverse URL lookup to find the URL of the JavaScript catalog view.

When the catalog is loaded, your JavaScript code can use the following methods:

* ``gettext``

* ``ngettext``

* ``interpolate``

* ``get_format``

* ``gettext_noop``

* ``pgettext``

* ``npgettext``

* ``pluralidx``

``gettext``

~~~~~~~~~~~

The ``gettext`` function behaves similarly to the standard ``gettext``

interface within your Python code::

    document.write(gettext('this is to be translated'));

``ngettext``

~~~~~~~~~~~~

The ``ngettext`` function provides an interface to pluralize words and

phrases::

    const objectCount = 1 // or 0, or 2, or 3, ...

    const string = ngettext(

        'literal for the singular case',

        'literal for the plural case',

        objectCount

    );

``interpolate``

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The ``interpolate`` function supports dynamically populating a format string.

The interpolation syntax is borrowed from Python, so the ``interpolate``

function supports both positional and named interpolation:

* Positional interpolation: ``obj`` contains a JavaScript Array object

  whose elements values are then sequentially interpolated in their

  corresponding ``fmt`` placeholders in the same order they appear.

  For example::

    const formats = ngettext(

      'There is %s object. Remaining: %s',

      'There are %s objects. Remaining: %s',

      11

    );

    const string = interpolate(formats, [11, 20]);

    // string is 'There are 11 objects. Remaining: 20'

* Named interpolation: This mode is selected by passing the optional

  boolean ``named`` parameter as ``true``. ``obj`` contains a JavaScript

  object or associative array. For example::

    const data = {

      count: 10,

      total: 50

    };

    const formats = ngettext(

        'Total: %(total)s, there is %(count)s object',

        'there are %(count)s of a total of %(total)s objects',

        data.count

    );

    const string = interpolate(formats, data, true);

You shouldn't go over the top with string interpolation, though: this is still

JavaScript, so the code has to make repeated regular-expression substitutions.

This isn't as fast as string interpolation in Python, so keep it to those

cases where you really need it (for example, in conjunction with ``ngettext``

to produce proper pluralizations).

``get_format``

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The ``get_format`` function has access to the configured i18n formatting

settings and can retrieve the format string for a given setting name::

    document.write(get_format('DATE_FORMAT'));

    // 'N j, Y'

It has access to the following settings:

* :setting:`DATE_FORMAT`

* :setting:`DATE_INPUT_FORMATS`

* :setting:`DATETIME_FORMAT`

* :setting:`DATETIME_INPUT_FORMATS`

* :setting:`DECIMAL_SEPARATOR`

* :setting:`FIRST_DAY_OF_WEEK`

* :setting:`MONTH_DAY_FORMAT`

* :setting:`NUMBER_GROUPING`

* :setting:`SHORT_DATE_FORMAT`

* :setting:`SHORT_DATETIME_FORMAT`

* :setting:`THOUSAND_SEPARATOR`

* :setting:`TIME_FORMAT`

* :setting:`TIME_INPUT_FORMATS`

* :setting:`YEAR_MONTH_FORMAT`

This is useful for maintaining formatting consistency with the Python-rendered

values.

``gettext_noop``

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

This emulates the ``gettext`` function but does nothing, returning whatever

is passed to it::

    document.write(gettext_noop('this will not be translated'));

This is useful for stubbing out portions of the code that will need translation

in the future.

``pgettext``

~~~~~~~~~~~~

The ``pgettext`` function behaves like the Python variant

(:func:`~django.utils.translation.pgettext()`), providing a contextually

translated word::

    document.write(pgettext('month name', 'May'));

``npgettext``

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The ``npgettext`` function also behaves like the Python variant

(:func:`~django.utils.translation.npgettext()`), providing a **pluralized**

contextually translated word::

    document.write(npgettext('group', 'party', 1));

    // party

    document.write(npgettext('group', 'party', 2));

    // parties

``pluralidx``

~~~~~~~~~~~~~

The ``pluralidx`` function works in a similar way to the :tfilter:`pluralize`

template filter, determining if a given ``count`` should use a plural form of

a word or not::

    document.write(pluralidx(0));

    // true

    document.write(pluralidx(1));

    // false

    document.write(pluralidx(2));

    // true

In the simplest case, if no custom pluralization is needed, this returns

``false`` for the integer ``1`` and ``true`` for all other numbers.

However, pluralization is not this simple in all languages. If the language does

not support pluralization, an empty value is provided.

Additionally, if there are complex rules around pluralization, the catalog view

will render a conditional expression. This will evaluate to either a ``true``

(should pluralize) or ``false`` (should **not** pluralize) value.

.. highlight:: python

The ``JSONCatalog`` view

------------------------

.. class:: JSONCatalog

    In order to use another client-side library to handle translations, you may

    want to take advantage of the ``JSONCatalog`` view. It's similar to

    :class:`~django.views.i18n.JavaScriptCatalog` but returns a JSON response.

    See the documentation for :class:`~django.views.i18n.JavaScriptCatalog`

    to learn about possible values and use of the ``domain`` and ``packages``

    attributes.

    The response format is as follows:

    .. code-block:: text

        {

            "catalog": {

                # Translations catalog

            },

            "formats": {

                # Language formats for date, time, etc.

            },

            "plural": "..."  # Expression for plural forms, or null.

        }

    .. JSON doesn't allow comments so highlighting as JSON won't work here.

Note on performance

-------------------

The various JavaScript/JSON i18n views generate the catalog from ``.mo`` files

on every request. Since its output is constant, at least for a given version

of a site, it's a good candidate for caching.

Server-side caching will reduce CPU load. It's easily implemented with the

:func:`~django.views.decorators.cache.cache_page` decorator. To trigger cache

invalidation when your translations change, provide a version-dependent key

prefix, as shown in the example below, or map the view at a version-dependent

URL::

    from django.views.decorators.cache import cache_page

    from django.views.i18n import JavaScriptCatalog

    # The value returned by get_version() must change when translations change.

    urlpatterns = [

        path('jsi18n/',

             cache_page(86400, key_prefix='jsi18n-%s' % get_version())(JavaScriptCatalog.as_view()),

             name='javascript-catalog'),

    ]

Client-side caching will save bandwidth and make your site load faster. If

you're using ETags (:class:`~django.middleware.http.ConditionalGetMiddleware`),

you're already covered. Otherwise, you can apply :ref:`conditional decorators

<conditional-decorators>`. In the following example, the cache is invalidated

whenever you restart your application server::

    from django.utils import timezone

    from django.views.decorators.http import last_modified

    from django.views.i18n import JavaScriptCatalog

    last_modified_date = timezone.now()

    urlpatterns = [

        path('jsi18n/',

             last_modified(lambda req, **kw: last_modified_date)(JavaScriptCatalog.as_view()),

             name='javascript-catalog'),

    ]

You can even pre-generate the JavaScript catalog as part of your deployment

procedure and serve it as a static file. This radical technique is implemented

in django-statici18n_.

.. _django-statici18n: https://django-statici18n.readthedocs.io/

.. _url-internationalization:

Internationalization: in URL patterns

=====================================

.. module:: django.conf.urls.i18n

Django provides two mechanisms to internationalize URL patterns:

* Adding the language prefix to the root of the URL patterns to make it

  possible for :class:`~django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware` to detect

  the language to activate from the requested URL.

* Making URL patterns themselves translatable via the

  :func:`django.utils.translation.gettext_lazy()` function.

.. warning::

    Using either one of these features requires that an active language be set

    for each request; in other words, you need to have

    :class:`django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware` in your

    :setting:`MIDDLEWARE` setting.

Language prefix in URL patterns

-------------------------------

.. function:: i18n_patterns(*urls, prefix_default_language=True)

This function can be used in a root URLconf and Django will automatically

prepend the current active language code to all URL patterns defined within

:func:`~django.conf.urls.i18n.i18n_patterns`.

Setting ``prefix_default_language`` to ``False`` removes the prefix from the

default language (:setting:`LANGUAGE_CODE`). This can be useful when adding

translations to existing site so that the current URLs won't change.

Example URL patterns::

    from django.conf.urls.i18n import i18n_patterns

    from django.urls import include, path

    from about import views as about_views

    from news import views as news_views

    from sitemap.views import sitemap

    urlpatterns = [

        path('sitemap.xml', sitemap, name='sitemap-xml'),

    ]

    news_patterns = ([

        path('', news_views.index, name='index'),

        path('category/<slug:slug>/', news_views.category, name='category'),

        path('<slug:slug>/', news_views.details, name='detail'),

    ], 'news')

    urlpatterns += i18n_patterns(

        path('about/', about_views.main, name='about'),

        path('news/', include(news_patterns, namespace='news')),

    )

After defining these URL patterns, Django will automatically add the

language prefix to the URL patterns that were added by the ``i18n_patterns``

function. Example::

    >>> from django.urls import reverse

    >>> from django.utils.translation import activate

    >>> activate('en')

    >>> reverse('sitemap-xml')

    '/sitemap.xml'

    >>> reverse('news:index')

    '/en/news/'

    >>> activate('nl')

    >>> reverse('news:detail', kwargs={'slug': 'news-slug'})

    '/nl/news/news-slug/'

With ``prefix_default_language=False`` and  ``LANGUAGE_CODE='en'``, the URLs

will be::

    >>> activate('en')

    >>> reverse('news:index')

    '/news/'

    >>> activate('nl')

    >>> reverse('news:index')

    '/nl/news/'

.. warning::

    :func:`~django.conf.urls.i18n.i18n_patterns` is only allowed in a root

    URLconf. Using it within an included URLconf will throw an

    :exc:`~django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured` exception.

.. warning::

    Ensure that you don't have non-prefixed URL patterns that might collide

    with an automatically-added language prefix.

.. _translating-urlpatterns:

Translating URL patterns

------------------------

URL patterns can also be marked translatable using the

:func:`~django.utils.translation.gettext_lazy` function. Example::

    from django.conf.urls.i18n import i18n_patterns

    from django.urls import include, path

    from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _

    from about import views as about_views

    from news import views as news_views

    from sitemaps.views import sitemap

    urlpatterns = [

        path('sitemap.xml', sitemap, name='sitemap-xml'),

    ]

    news_patterns = ([

        path('', news_views.index, name='index'),

        path(_('category/<slug:slug>/'), news_views.category, name='category'),

        path('<slug:slug>/', news_views.details, name='detail'),

    ], 'news')

    urlpatterns += i18n_patterns(

        path(_('about/'), about_views.main, name='about'),

        path(_('news/'), include(news_patterns, namespace='news')),

    )

After you've created the translations, the :func:`~django.urls.reverse`

function will return the URL in the active language. Example::

    >>> from django.urls import reverse

    >>> from django.utils.translation import activate

    >>> activate('en')

    >>> reverse('news:category', kwargs={'slug': 'recent'})

    '/en/news/category/recent/'

    >>> activate('nl')

    >>> reverse('news:category', kwargs={'slug': 'recent'})

    '/nl/nieuws/categorie/recent/'

.. warning::

    In most cases, it's best to use translated URLs only within a language code

    prefixed block of patterns (using

    :func:`~django.conf.urls.i18n.i18n_patterns`), to avoid the possibility

    that a carelessly translated URL causes a collision with a non-translated

    URL pattern.

.. _reversing_in_templates:

Reversing in templates

----------------------

If localized URLs get reversed in templates they always use the current

language. To link to a URL in another language use the :ttag:`language`

template tag. It enables the given language in the enclosed template section:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% load i18n %}

    {% get_available_languages as languages %}

    {% translate "View this category in:" %}

    {% for lang_code, lang_name in languages %}

        {% language lang_code %}

        <a href="{% url 'category' slug=category.slug %}">{{ lang_name }}</a>

        {% endlanguage %}

    {% endfor %}

The :ttag:`language` tag expects the language code as the only argument.

.. _how-to-create-language-files:

Localization: how to create language files

==========================================

Once the string literals of an application have been tagged for later

translation, the translation themselves need to be written (or obtained). Here's

how that works.

Message files

-------------

The first step is to create a :term:`message file` for a new language. A message

file is a plain-text file, representing a single language, that contains all

available translation strings and how they should be represented in the given

language. Message files have a ``.po`` file extension.

Django comes with a tool, :djadmin:`django-admin makemessages

<makemessages>`, that automates the creation and upkeep of these files.

.. admonition:: Gettext utilities

    The ``makemessages`` command (and ``compilemessages`` discussed later) use

    commands from the GNU gettext toolset: ``xgettext``, ``msgfmt``,

    ``msgmerge`` and ``msguniq``.

    The minimum version of the ``gettext`` utilities supported is 0.15.

To create or update a message file, run this command::

    django-admin makemessages -l de

...where ``de`` is the :term:`locale name` for the message file you want to

create. For example, ``pt_BR`` for Brazilian Portuguese, ``de_AT`` for Austrian

German or ``id`` for Indonesian.

The script should be run from one of two places:

* The root directory of your Django project (the one that contains

  ``manage.py``).

* The root directory of one of your Django apps.

The script runs over your project source tree or your application source tree

and pulls out all strings marked for translation (see

:ref:`how-django-discovers-translations` and be sure :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS`

is configured correctly). It creates (or updates) a message file in the

directory ``locale/LANG/LC_MESSAGES``. In the ``de`` example, the file will be

``locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/django.po``.

When you run ``makemessages`` from the root directory of your project, the

extracted strings will be automatically distributed to the proper message files.

That is, a string extracted from a file of an app containing a ``locale``

directory will go in a message file under that directory. A string extracted

from a file of an app without any ``locale`` directory will either go in a

message file under the directory listed first in :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` or

will generate an error if :setting:`LOCALE_PATHS` is empty.

By default :djadmin:`django-admin makemessages <makemessages>` examines every

file that has the ``.html``, ``.txt`` or ``.py`` file extension. If you want to

override that default, use the :option:`--extension <makemessages --extension>`

or ``-e`` option to specify the file extensions to examine::

    django-admin makemessages -l de -e txt

Separate multiple extensions with commas and/or use ``-e`` or ``--extension``

multiple times::

    django-admin makemessages -l de -e html,txt -e xml

.. warning::

    When :ref:`creating message files from JavaScript source code

    <creating-message-files-from-js-code>` you need to use the special

    ``djangojs`` domain, **not** ``-e js``.

.. admonition:: Using Jinja2 templates?

    :djadmin:`makemessages` doesn't understand the syntax of Jinja2 templates.

    To extract strings from a project containing Jinja2 templates, use `Message

    Extracting`_ from Babel_ instead.

    Here's an example ``babel.cfg`` configuration file::

        # Extraction from Python source files

        [python: **.py]

        # Extraction from Jinja2 templates

        [jinja2: **.jinja]

        extensions = jinja2.ext.with_

    Make sure you list all extensions you're using! Otherwise Babel won't

    recognize the tags defined by these extensions and will ignore Jinja2

    templates containing them entirely.

    Babel provides similar features to :djadmin:`makemessages`, can replace it

    in general, and doesn't depend on ``gettext``. For more information, read

    its documentation about `working with message catalogs`_.

    .. _Message extracting: https://babel.pocoo.org/en/latest/messages.html#message-extraction

    .. _Babel: https://babel.pocoo.org/en/latest/

    .. _working with message catalogs: https://babel.pocoo.org/en/latest/messages.html

.. admonition:: No gettext?

    If you don't have the ``gettext`` utilities installed,

    :djadmin:`makemessages` will create empty files. If that's the case, either

    install the ``gettext`` utilities or copy the English message file

    (``locale/en/LC_MESSAGES/django.po``) if available and use it as a starting

    point, which is an empty translation file.

.. admonition:: Working on Windows?

   If you're using Windows and need to install the GNU gettext utilities so

   :djadmin:`makemessages` works, see :ref:`gettext_on_windows` for more

   information.

Each ``.po`` file contains a small bit of metadata, such as the translation

maintainer's contact information, but the bulk of the file is a list of

**messages** -- mappings between translation strings and the actual translated

text for the particular language.

For example, if your Django app contained a translation string for the text

``"Welcome to my site."``, like so::

    _("Welcome to my site.")

...then :djadmin:`django-admin makemessages <makemessages>` will have created

a ``.po`` file containing the following snippet -- a message:

.. code-block:: po

    #: path/to/python/module.py:23

    msgid "Welcome to my site."

    msgstr ""

A quick explanation:

* ``msgid`` is the translation string, which appears in the source. Don't

  change it.

* ``msgstr`` is where you put the language-specific translation. It starts

  out empty, so it's your responsibility to change it. Make sure you keep

  the quotes around your translation.

* As a convenience, each message includes, in the form of a comment line

  prefixed with ``#`` and located above the ``msgid`` line, the filename and

  line number from which the translation string was gleaned.

Long messages are a special case. There, the first string directly after the

``msgstr`` (or ``msgid``) is an empty string. Then the content itself will be

written over the next few lines as one string per line. Those strings are

directly concatenated. Don't forget trailing spaces within the strings;

otherwise, they'll be tacked together without whitespace!

.. admonition:: Mind your charset

    Due to the way the ``gettext`` tools work internally and because we want to

    allow non-ASCII source strings in Django's core and your applications, you

    **must** use UTF-8 as the encoding for your ``.po`` files (the default when

    ``.po`` files are created).  This means that everybody will be using the

    same encoding, which is important when Django processes the ``.po`` files.

.. admonition:: Fuzzy entries

    :djadmin:`makemessages` sometimes generates translation entries marked as

    fuzzy, e.g. when translations are inferred from previously translated

    strings. By default, fuzzy entries are **not** processed by

    :djadmin:`compilemessages`.

To reexamine all source code and templates for new translation strings and

update all message files for **all** languages, run this::

    django-admin makemessages -a

Compiling message files

-----------------------

After you create your message file -- and each time you make changes to it --

you'll need to compile it into a more efficient form, for use by ``gettext``. Do

this with the :djadmin:`django-admin compilemessages <compilemessages>`

utility.

This tool runs over all available ``.po`` files and creates ``.mo`` files, which

are binary files optimized for use by ``gettext``. In the same directory from

which you ran :djadmin:`django-admin makemessages <makemessages>`, run

:djadmin:`django-admin compilemessages <compilemessages>` like this::

   django-admin compilemessages

That's it. Your translations are ready for use.

.. admonition:: Working on Windows?

   If you're using Windows and need to install the GNU gettext utilities so

   :djadmin:`django-admin compilemessages <compilemessages>` works see

   :ref:`gettext_on_windows` for more information.

.. admonition:: ``.po`` files: Encoding and BOM usage.

   Django only supports ``.po`` files encoded in UTF-8 and without any BOM

   (Byte Order Mark) so if your text editor adds such marks to the beginning of

   files by default then you will need to reconfigure it.

Troubleshooting: ``gettext()`` incorrectly detects ``python-format`` in strings with percent signs

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

In some cases, such as strings with a percent sign followed by a space and a

:ref:`string conversion type <old-string-formatting>` (e.g.

``_("10% interest")``), :func:`~django.utils.translation.gettext` incorrectly

flags strings with ``python-format``.

If you try to compile message files with incorrectly flagged strings, you'll

get an error message like ``number of format specifications in 'msgid' and

'msgstr' does not match`` or ``'msgstr' is not a valid Python format string,

unlike 'msgid'``.

To workaround this, you can escape percent signs by adding a second percent

sign::

    from django.utils.translation import gettext as _

    output = _("10%% interest")

Or you can use ``no-python-format`` so that all percent signs are treated as

literals::

    # xgettext:no-python-format

    output = _("10% interest")

.. _creating-message-files-from-js-code:

Creating message files from JavaScript source code

--------------------------------------------------

You create and update the message files the same way as the other Django message

files -- with the :djadmin:`django-admin makemessages <makemessages>` tool.

The only difference is you need to explicitly specify what in gettext parlance

is known as a domain in this case the ``djangojs`` domain, by providing a ``-d

djangojs`` parameter, like this::

    django-admin makemessages -d djangojs -l de

This would create or update the message file for JavaScript for German. After

updating message files, run :djadmin:`django-admin compilemessages

<compilemessages>` the same way as you do with normal Django message files.

.. _gettext_on_windows:

``gettext`` on Windows

----------------------

This is only needed for people who either want to extract message IDs or compile

message files (``.po``). Translation work itself involves editing existing

files of this type, but if you want to create your own message files, or want

to test or compile a changed message file, download `a precompiled binary

installer <https://mlocati.github.io/articles/gettext-iconv-windows.html>`_.

You may also use ``gettext`` binaries you have obtained elsewhere, so long as

the ``xgettext --version`` command works properly. Do not attempt to use Django

translation utilities with a ``gettext`` package if the command ``xgettext

--version`` entered at a Windows command prompt causes a popup window saying

"``xgettext.exe`` has generated errors and will be closed by Windows".

.. _customizing-makemessages:

Customizing the ``makemessages`` command

----------------------------------------

If you want to pass additional parameters to ``xgettext``, you need to create a

custom :djadmin:`makemessages` command and override its ``xgettext_options``

attribute::

    from django.core.management.commands import makemessages

    class Command(makemessages.Command):

        xgettext_options = makemessages.Command.xgettext_options + ['--keyword=mytrans']

If you need more flexibility, you could also add a new argument to your custom

:djadmin:`makemessages` command::

    from django.core.management.commands import makemessages

    class Command(makemessages.Command):

        def add_arguments(self, parser):

            super().add_arguments(parser)

            parser.add_argument(

                '--extra-keyword',

                dest='xgettext_keywords',

                action='append',

            )

        def handle(self, *args, **options):

            xgettext_keywords = options.pop('xgettext_keywords')

            if xgettext_keywords:

                self.xgettext_options = (

                    makemessages.Command.xgettext_options[:] +

                    ['--keyword=%s' % kwd for kwd in xgettext_keywords]

                )

            super().handle(*args, **options)

Miscellaneous

=============

.. _set_language-redirect-view:

The ``set_language`` redirect view

----------------------------------

.. currentmodule:: django.views.i18n

.. function:: set_language(request)

As a convenience, Django comes with a view, :func:`django.views.i18n.set_language`,

that sets a user's language preference and redirects to a given URL or, by default,

back to the previous page.

Activate this view by adding the following line to your URLconf::

    path('i18n/', include('django.conf.urls.i18n')),

(Note that this example makes the view available at ``/i18n/setlang/``.)

.. warning::

    Make sure that you don't include the above URL within

    :func:`~django.conf.urls.i18n.i18n_patterns` - it needs to be

    language-independent itself to work correctly.

The view expects to be called via the ``POST`` method, with a ``language``

parameter set in request. If session support is enabled, the view saves the

language choice in the user's session. It also saves the language choice in a

cookie that is named ``django_language`` by default. (The name can be changed

through the :setting:`LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME` setting.)

After setting the language choice, Django looks for a ``next`` parameter in the

``POST`` or ``GET`` data. If that is found and Django considers it to be a safe

URL (i.e. it doesn't point to a different host and uses a safe scheme), a

redirect to that URL will be performed. Otherwise, Django may fall back to

redirecting the user to the URL from the ``Referer`` header or, if it is not

set, to ``/``, depending on the nature of the request:

* If the request accepts HTML content (based on its ``Accept`` HTTP header),

  the fallback will always be performed.

* If the request doesn't accept HTML, the fallback will be performed only if

  the ``next`` parameter was set. Otherwise a 204 status code (No Content) will

  be returned.

Here's example HTML template code:

.. code-block:: html+django

    {% load i18n %}

    <form action="{% url 'set_language' %}" method="post">{% csrf_token %}

        <input name="next" type="hidden" value="{{ redirect_to }}">

        <select name="language">

            {% get_current_language as LANGUAGE_CODE %}

            {% get_available_languages as LANGUAGES %}

            {% get_language_info_list for LANGUAGES as languages %}

            {% for language in languages %}

                <option value="{{ language.code }}"{% if language.code == LANGUAGE_CODE %} selected{% endif %}>

                    {{ language.name_local }} ({{ language.code }})

                </option>

            {% endfor %}

        </select>

        <input type="submit" value="Go">

    </form>

In this example, Django looks up the URL of the page to which the user will be

redirected in the ``redirect_to`` context variable.

.. _explicitly-setting-the-active-language:

Explicitly setting the active language

--------------------------------------

.. highlight:: python

You may want to set the active language for the current session explicitly. Perhaps

a user's language preference is retrieved from another system, for example.

You've already been introduced to :func:`django.utils.translation.activate()`. That

applies to the current thread only. To persist the language for the entire

session in a cookie, set the :setting:`LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME` cookie on the

response::

    from django.conf import settings

    from django.http import HttpResponse

    from django.utils import translation

    user_language = 'fr'

    translation.activate(user_language)

    response = HttpResponse(...)

    response.set_cookie(settings.LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME, user_language)

You would typically want to use both: :func:`django.utils.translation.activate()`

changes the language for this thread, and setting the cookie makes this

preference persist in future requests.

Using translations outside views and templates

----------------------------------------------

While Django provides a rich set of i18n tools for use in views and templates,

it does not restrict the usage to Django-specific code. The Django translation

mechanisms can be used to translate arbitrary texts to any language that is

supported by Django (as long as an appropriate translation catalog exists, of

course). You can load a translation catalog, activate it and translate text to

language of your choice, but remember to switch back to original language, as

activating a translation catalog is done on per-thread basis and such change

will affect code running in the same thread.

For example::

    from django.utils import translation

    def welcome_translated(language):

        cur_language = translation.get_language()

        try:

            translation.activate(language)

            text = translation.gettext('welcome')

        finally:

            translation.activate(cur_language)

        return text

Calling this function with the value ``'de'`` will give you ``"Willkommen"``,

regardless of :setting:`LANGUAGE_CODE` and language set by middleware.

Functions of particular interest are

:func:`django.utils.translation.get_language()` which returns the language used

in the current thread, :func:`django.utils.translation.activate()` which

activates a translation catalog for the current thread, and

:func:`django.utils.translation.check_for_language()`

which checks if the given language is supported by Django.

To help write more concise code, there is also a context manager

:func:`django.utils.translation.override()` that stores the current language on

enter and restores it on exit. With it, the above example becomes::

    from django.utils import translation

    def welcome_translated(language):

        with translation.override(language):

            return translation.gettext('welcome')

Language cookie

---------------

A number of settings can be used to adjust language cookie options:

* :setting:`LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME`

* :setting:`LANGUAGE_COOKIE_AGE`

* :setting:`LANGUAGE_COOKIE_DOMAIN`

* :setting:`LANGUAGE_COOKIE_HTTPONLY`

* :setting:`LANGUAGE_COOKIE_PATH`

* :setting:`LANGUAGE_COOKIE_SAMESITE`

* :setting:`LANGUAGE_COOKIE_SECURE`

Implementation notes

====================

.. _specialties-of-django-i18n:

Specialties of Django translation

---------------------------------

Django's translation machinery uses the standard ``gettext`` module that comes

with Python. If you know ``gettext``, you might note these specialties in the

way Django does translation:

* The string domain is ``django`` or ``djangojs``. This string domain is

  used to differentiate between different programs that store their data

  in a common message-file library (usually ``/usr/share/locale/``). The

  ``django`` domain is used for Python and template translation strings

  and is loaded into the global translation catalogs. The ``djangojs``

  domain is only used for JavaScript translation catalogs to make sure

  that those are as small as possible.

* Django doesn't use ``xgettext`` alone. It uses Python wrappers around

  ``xgettext`` and ``msgfmt``. This is mostly for convenience.

.. _how-django-discovers-language-preference:

How Django discovers language preference

----------------------------------------

Once you've prepared your translations -- or, if you want to use the

translations that come with Django -- you'll need to activate translation for

your app.

Behind the scenes, Django has a very flexible model of deciding which language

should be used -- installation-wide, for a particular user, or both.

To set an installation-wide language preference, set :setting:`LANGUAGE_CODE`.

Django uses this language as the default translation -- the final attempt if no

better matching translation is found through one of the methods employed by the

locale middleware (see below).

If all you want is to run Django with your native language all you need to do

is set :setting:`LANGUAGE_CODE` and make sure the corresponding :term:`message

files <message file>` and their compiled versions (``.mo``) exist.

If you want to let each individual user specify which language they

prefer, then you also need to use the ``LocaleMiddleware``.

``LocaleMiddleware`` enables language selection based on data from the request.

It customizes content for each user.

To use ``LocaleMiddleware``, add ``'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware'``

to your :setting:`MIDDLEWARE` setting. Because middleware order matters, follow

these guidelines:

* Make sure it's one of the first middleware installed.

* It should come after ``SessionMiddleware``, because ``LocaleMiddleware``

  makes use of session data. And it should come before ``CommonMiddleware``

  because ``CommonMiddleware`` needs an activated language in order

  to resolve the requested URL.

* If you use ``CacheMiddleware``, put ``LocaleMiddleware`` after it.

For example, your :setting:`MIDDLEWARE` might look like this::

    MIDDLEWARE = [

       'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware',

       'django.middleware.locale.LocaleMiddleware',

       'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware',

    ]

(For more on middleware, see the :doc:`middleware documentation

</topics/http/middleware>`.)

``LocaleMiddleware`` tries to determine the user's language preference by

following this algorithm:

* First, it looks for the language prefix in the requested URL.  This is

  only performed when you are using the ``i18n_patterns`` function in your

  root URLconf. See :ref:`url-internationalization` for more information

  about the language prefix and how to internationalize URL patterns.

* Failing that, it looks for a cookie.

  The name of the cookie used is set by the :setting:`LANGUAGE_COOKIE_NAME`

  setting. (The default name is ``django_language``.)

* Failing that, it looks at the ``Accept-Language`` HTTP header. This

  header is sent by your browser and tells the server which language(s) you

  prefer, in order by priority. Django tries each language in the header

  until it finds one with available translations.

* Failing that, it uses the global :setting:`LANGUAGE_CODE` setting.