==============

Managing files

==============

This document describes Django's file access APIs for files such as those

uploaded by a user. The lower level APIs are general enough that you could use

them for other purposes. If you want to handle "static files" (JS, CSS, etc.),

see :doc:`/howto/static-files/index`.

By default, Django stores files locally, using the :setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` and

:setting:`MEDIA_URL` settings. The examples below assume that you're using these

defaults.

However, Django provides ways to write custom `file storage systems`_ that

allow you to completely customize where and how Django stores files. The

second half of this document describes how these storage systems work.

.. _file storage systems: `File storage`_

Using files in models

=====================

When you use a :class:`~django.db.models.FileField` or

:class:`~django.db.models.ImageField`, Django provides a set of APIs you can use

to deal with that file.

Consider the following model, using an :class:`~django.db.models.ImageField` to

store a photo::

    from django.db import models

    class Car(models.Model):

        name = models.CharField(max_length=255)

        price = models.DecimalField(max_digits=5, decimal_places=2)

        photo = models.ImageField(upload_to='cars')

        specs = models.FileField(upload_to='specs')

Any ``Car`` instance will have a ``photo`` attribute that you can use to get at

the details of the attached photo::

    >>> car = Car.objects.get(name="57 Chevy")

    >>> car.photo

    <ImageFieldFile: cars/chevy.jpg>

    >>> car.photo.name

    'cars/chevy.jpg'

    >>> car.photo.path

    '/media/cars/chevy.jpg'

    >>> car.photo.url

    'http://media.example.com/cars/chevy.jpg'

This object -- ``car.photo`` in the example -- is a ``File`` object, which means

it has all the methods and attributes described below.

.. note::

    The file is saved as part of saving the model in the database, so the actual

    file name used on disk cannot be relied on until after the model has been

    saved.

For example, you can change the file name by setting the file's

:attr:`~django.core.files.File.name` to a path relative to the file storage's

location (:setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` if you are using the default

:class:`~django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage`)::

    >>> import os

    >>> from django.conf import settings

    >>> initial_path = car.photo.path

    >>> car.photo.name = 'cars/chevy_ii.jpg'

    >>> new_path = settings.MEDIA_ROOT + car.photo.name

    >>> # Move the file on the filesystem

    >>> os.rename(initial_path, new_path)

    >>> car.save()

    >>> car.photo.path

    '/media/cars/chevy_ii.jpg'

    >>> car.photo.path == new_path

    True

To save an existing file on disk to a :class:`~django.db.models.FileField`::

    >>> from pathlib import Path

    >>> from django.core.files import File

    >>> path = Path('/some/external/specs.pdf')

    >>> car = Car.objects.get(name='57 Chevy')

    >>> with path.open(mode='rb') as f:

    ...     car.specs = File(f, name=path.name)

    ...     car.save()

.. note::

    While :class:`~django.db.models.ImageField` non-image data attributes, such

    as ``height``, ``width``, and ``size`` are available on the instance, the

    underlying image data cannot be used without reopening the image. For

    example::

        >>> from PIL import Image

        >>> car = Car.objects.get(name='57 Chevy')

        >>> car.photo.width

        191

        >>> car.photo.height

        287

        >>> image = Image.open(car.photo)

        # Raises ValueError: seek of closed file.

        >>> car.photo.open()

        <ImageFieldFile: cars/chevy.jpg>

        >>> image = Image.open(car.photo)

        >>> image

        <PIL.JpegImagePlugin.JpegImageFile image mode=RGB size=191x287 at 0x7F99A94E9048>

The ``File`` object

===================

Internally, Django uses a :class:`django.core.files.File` instance any time it

needs to represent a file.

Most of the time you'll use a ``File`` that Django's given you (i.e. a file

attached to a model as above, or perhaps an uploaded file).

If you need to construct a ``File`` yourself, the easiest way is to create one

using a Python built-in ``file`` object::

    >>> from django.core.files import File

    # Create a Python file object using open()

    >>> f = open('/path/to/hello.world', 'w')

    >>> myfile = File(f)

Now you can use any of the documented attributes and methods

of the :class:`~django.core.files.File` class.

Be aware that files created in this way are not automatically closed.

The following approach may be used to close files automatically::

    >>> from django.core.files import File

    # Create a Python file object using open() and the with statement

    >>> with open('/path/to/hello.world', 'w') as f:

    ...     myfile = File(f)

    ...     myfile.write('Hello World')

    ...

    >>> myfile.closed

    True

    >>> f.closed

    True

Closing files is especially important when accessing file fields in a loop

over a large number of objects. If files are not manually closed after

accessing them, the risk of running out of file descriptors may arise. This

may lead to the following error::

    OSError: [Errno 24] Too many open files

File storage

============

Behind the scenes, Django delegates decisions about how and where to store files

to a file storage system. This is the object that actually understands things

like file systems, opening and reading files, etc.

Django's default file storage is given by the :setting:`DEFAULT_FILE_STORAGE`

setting; if you don't explicitly provide a storage system, this is the one that

will be used.

See below for details of the built-in default file storage system, and see

:doc:`/howto/custom-file-storage` for information on writing your own file

storage system.

Storage objects

---------------

Though most of the time you'll want to use a ``File`` object (which delegates to

the proper storage for that file), you can use file storage systems directly.

You can create an instance of some custom file storage class, or -- often more

useful -- you can use the global default storage system::

    >>> from django.core.files.base import ContentFile

    >>> from django.core.files.storage import default_storage

    >>> path = default_storage.save('path/to/file', ContentFile(b'new content'))

    >>> path

    'path/to/file'

    >>> default_storage.size(path)

    11

    >>> default_storage.open(path).read()

    b'new content'

    >>> default_storage.delete(path)

    >>> default_storage.exists(path)

    False

See :doc:`/ref/files/storage` for the file storage API.

.. _builtin-fs-storage:

The built-in filesystem storage class

-------------------------------------

Django ships with a :class:`django.core.files.storage.FileSystemStorage` class

which implements basic local filesystem file storage.

For example, the following code will store uploaded files under

``/media/photos`` regardless of what your :setting:`MEDIA_ROOT` setting is::

    from django.core.files.storage import FileSystemStorage

    from django.db import models

    fs = FileSystemStorage(location='/media/photos')

    class Car(models.Model):

        ...

        photo = models.ImageField(storage=fs)

:doc:`Custom storage systems </howto/custom-file-storage>` work the same way:

you can pass them in as the ``storage`` argument to a

:class:`~django.db.models.FileField`.

Using a callable

----------------

You can use a callable as the :attr:`~django.db.models.FileField.storage`

parameter for :class:`~django.db.models.FileField` or

:class:`~django.db.models.ImageField`. This allows you to modify the used

storage at runtime, selecting different storages for different environments,

for example.

Your callable will be evaluated when your models classes are loaded, and must

return an instance of :class:`~django.core.files.storage.Storage`.

For example::

    from django.conf import settings

    from django.db import models

    from .storages import MyLocalStorage, MyRemoteStorage

    def select_storage():

        return MyLocalStorage() if settings.DEBUG else MyRemoteStorage()

    class MyModel(models.Model):

        my_file = models.FileField(storage=select_storage)