Viewing github.com/django/django-stable-4.1.x/docs/ref/contrib/gis/geoquerysets.txt

```
==========================
```
```
GIS QuerySet API Reference
```
```
==========================
```

.. currentmodule:: django.contrib.gis.db.models

```
.. _spatial-lookups:
```
```
Spatial Lookups
```
```
===============
```

The spatial lookups in this section are available for :class:`GeometryField`

```
and :class:`RasterField`.
```

For an introduction, see the :ref:`spatial lookups introduction

<spatial-lookups-intro>`.  For an overview of what lookups are

compatible with a particular spatial backend, refer to the

:ref:`spatial lookup compatibility table <spatial-lookup-compatibility>`.

```
Lookups with rasters
```
```
--------------------
```

All examples in the reference below are given for geometry fields and inputs,

but the lookups can be used the same way with rasters on both sides. Whenever

a lookup doesn't support raster input, the input is automatically

converted to a geometry where necessary using the `ST_Polygon

<https://postgis.net/docs/RT_ST_Polygon.html>`_ function. See also the

:ref:`introduction to raster lookups <spatial-lookup-raster>`.

The database operators used by the lookups can be divided into three categories:

- Native raster support ``N``: the operator accepts rasters natively on both

  sides of the lookup, and raster input can be mixed with geometry inputs.

- Bilateral raster support ``B``: the operator supports rasters only if both

  sides of the lookup receive raster inputs. Raster data is automatically

  converted to geometries for mixed lookups.

- Geometry conversion support ``C``. The lookup does not have native raster

  support, all raster data is automatically converted to geometries.

The examples below show the SQL equivalent for the lookups in the different

types of raster support. The same pattern applies to all spatial lookups.

==== ============================== =======================================================

Case Lookup                         SQL Equivalent

==== ============================== =======================================================

N, B ``rast__contains=rst``         ``ST_Contains(rast, rst)``

N, B ``rast__1__contains=(rst, 2)`` ``ST_Contains(rast, 1, rst, 2)``

B, C ``rast__contains=geom``        ``ST_Contains(ST_Polygon(rast), geom)``

B, C ``rast__1__contains=geom``     ``ST_Contains(ST_Polygon(rast, 1), geom)``

B, C ``poly__contains=rst``         ``ST_Contains(poly, ST_Polygon(rst))``

B, C ``poly__contains=(rst, 1)``    ``ST_Contains(poly, ST_Polygon(rst, 1))``

C    ``rast__crosses=rst``          ``ST_Crosses(ST_Polygon(rast), ST_Polygon(rst))``

C    ``rast__1__crosses=(rst, 2)``  ``ST_Crosses(ST_Polygon(rast, 1), ST_Polygon(rst, 2))``

C    ``rast__crosses=geom``         ``ST_Crosses(ST_Polygon(rast), geom)``

C    ``poly__crosses=rst``          ``ST_Crosses(poly, ST_Polygon(rst))``

==== ============================== =======================================================

Spatial lookups with rasters are only supported for PostGIS backends

(denominated as PGRaster in this section).

```
.. fieldlookup:: bbcontains
```
```
``bbcontains``
```
```
--------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Geometry_Contain.html>`__,

MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)

Tests if the geometry or raster field's bounding box completely contains the

```
lookup geometry's bounding box.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__bbcontains=geom)

```
==========  ==========================
```
```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```
```
==========  ==========================
```
```
PostGIS     ``poly ~ geom``
```

MariaDB     ``MBRContains(poly, geom)``

MySQL       ``MBRContains(poly, geom)``

SpatiaLite  ``MbrContains(poly, geom)``

```
==========  ==========================
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: bboverlaps
```
```
``bboverlaps``
```
```
--------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/geometry_overlaps.html>`__,

MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps the lookup geometry's

```
bounding box.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__bboverlaps=geom)

```
==========  ==========================
```
```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```
```
==========  ==========================
```
```
PostGIS     ``poly && geom``
```

MariaDB     ``MBROverlaps(poly, geom)``

MySQL       ``MBROverlaps(poly, geom)``

SpatiaLite  ``MbrOverlaps(poly, geom)``

```
==========  ==========================
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: contained
```
```
``contained``
```
```
-------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Geometry_Contained.html>`__,

MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is completely contained by the

```
lookup geometry's bounding box.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__contained=geom)

```
==========  ==========================
```
```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```
```
==========  ==========================
```
```
PostGIS     ``poly @ geom``
```
```
MariaDB     ``MBRWithin(poly, geom)``
```
```
MySQL       ``MBRWithin(poly, geom)``
```
```
SpatiaLite  ``MbrWithin(poly, geom)``
```
```
==========  ==========================
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: gis-contains
```
```
``contains``
```
```
------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Contains.html>`__,

Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field spatially contains the lookup geometry.

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__contains=geom)

==========  ============================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  ============================

PostGIS     ``ST_Contains(poly, geom)``

Oracle      ``SDO_CONTAINS(poly, geom)``

MariaDB     ``ST_Contains(poly, geom)``

MySQL       ``ST_Contains(poly, geom)``

```
SpatiaLite  ``Contains(poly, geom)``
```

==========  ============================

```
.. fieldlookup:: contains_properly
```
```
``contains_properly``
```
```
---------------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_ContainsProperly.html>`__,

```
PGRaster (Bilateral)
```

Returns true if the lookup geometry intersects the interior of the

geometry field, but not the boundary (or exterior).

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__contains_properly=geom)

==========  ===================================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  ===================================

PostGIS     ``ST_ContainsProperly(poly, geom)``

==========  ===================================

```
.. fieldlookup:: coveredby
```
```
``coveredby``
```
```
-------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_CoveredBy.html>`__,

Oracle, PGRaster (Bilateral), SpatiaLite

Tests if no point in the geometry field is outside the lookup geometry.

```
[#fncovers]_
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__coveredby=geom)

==========  =============================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  =============================

PostGIS     ``ST_CoveredBy(poly, geom)``

Oracle      ``SDO_COVEREDBY(poly, geom)``

```
SpatiaLite  ``CoveredBy(poly, geom)``
```

==========  =============================

```
.. fieldlookup:: covers
```
```
``covers``
```
```
----------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Covers.html>`__,

Oracle, PGRaster (Bilateral), SpatiaLite

Tests if no point in the lookup geometry is outside the geometry field.

```
[#fncovers]_
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__covers=geom)

```
==========  ==========================
```
```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```
```
==========  ==========================
```
```
PostGIS     ``ST_Covers(poly, geom)``
```
```
Oracle      ``SDO_COVERS(poly, geom)``
```
```
SpatiaLite  ``Covers(poly, geom)``
```
```
==========  ==========================
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: crosses
```
```
``crosses``
```
```
-----------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Crosses.html>`__,

MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field spatially crosses the lookup geometry.

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__crosses=geom)

```
==========  ==========================
```
```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```
```
==========  ==========================
```
```
PostGIS     ``ST_Crosses(poly, geom)``
```
```
MariaDB     ``ST_Crosses(poly, geom)``
```
```
MySQL       ``ST_Crosses(poly, geom)``
```
```
SpatiaLite  ``Crosses(poly, geom)``
```
```
==========  ==========================
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: disjoint
```
```
``disjoint``
```
```
------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Disjoint.html>`__,

Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field is spatially disjoint from the lookup geometry.

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__disjoint=geom)

==========  =================================================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  =================================================

PostGIS     ``ST_Disjoint(poly, geom)``

Oracle      ``SDO_GEOM.RELATE(poly, 'DISJOINT', geom, 0.05)``

MariaDB     ``ST_Disjoint(poly, geom)``

MySQL       ``ST_Disjoint(poly, geom)``

```
SpatiaLite  ``Disjoint(poly, geom)``
```

==========  =================================================

```
.. fieldlookup:: equals
```
```
``equals``
```
```
----------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Equals.html>`__,

Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field is spatially equal to the lookup geometry.

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__equals=geom)

==========  =================================================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  =================================================

```
PostGIS     ``ST_Equals(poly, geom)``
```
```
Oracle      ``SDO_EQUAL(poly, geom)``
```
```
MariaDB     ``ST_Equals(poly, geom)``
```
```
MySQL       ``ST_Equals(poly, geom)``
```
```
SpatiaLite  ``Equals(poly, geom)``
```

==========  =================================================

```
.. fieldlookup:: exact
```
```
    :noindex:
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: same_as
```
```
``exact``, ``same_as``
```
```
----------------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Geometry_Same.html>`__,

Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field is "equal" to the lookup geometry. On Oracle,

MySQL, and SpatiaLite, it tests spatial equality, while on PostGIS it tests

```
equality of bounding boxes.
```
```
Example::
```
```
    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly=geom)
```

==========  =================================================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  =================================================

```
PostGIS     ``poly ~= geom``
```
```
Oracle      ``SDO_EQUAL(poly, geom)``
```
```
MariaDB     ``ST_Equals(poly, geom)``
```
```
MySQL       ``ST_Equals(poly, geom)``
```
```
SpatiaLite  ``Equals(poly, geom)``
```

==========  =================================================

```
.. fieldlookup:: intersects
```
```
``intersects``
```
```
--------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Intersects.html>`__,

Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field spatially intersects the lookup geometry.

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__intersects=geom)

==========  =================================================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  =================================================

PostGIS     ``ST_Intersects(poly, geom)``

Oracle      ``SDO_OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT(poly, geom)``

MariaDB     ``ST_Intersects(poly, geom)``

MySQL       ``ST_Intersects(poly, geom)``

```
SpatiaLite  ``Intersects(poly, geom)``
```

==========  =================================================

```
.. fieldlookup:: isvalid
```
```
``isvalid``
```
```
-----------
```

*Availability*: MySQL (≥ 5.7.5), `PostGIS

<https://postgis.net/docs/ST_IsValid.html>`__, Oracle, SpatiaLite

```
Tests if the geometry is valid.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__isvalid=True)

==========================  ================================================================

Backend                     SQL Equivalent

==========================  ================================================================

MySQL, PostGIS, SpatiaLite  ``ST_IsValid(poly)``

Oracle                      ``SDO_GEOM.VALIDATE_GEOMETRY_WITH_CONTEXT(poly, 0.05) = 'TRUE'``

==========================  ================================================================

```
.. fieldlookup:: overlaps
```
```
``overlaps``
```
```
------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Overlaps.html>`__,

Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field spatially overlaps the lookup geometry.

==========  ============================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  ============================

PostGIS     ``ST_Overlaps(poly, geom)``

Oracle      ``SDO_OVERLAPS(poly, geom)``

MariaDB     ``ST_Overlaps(poly, geom)``

MySQL       ``ST_Overlaps(poly, geom)``

```
SpatiaLite  ``Overlaps(poly, geom)``
```

==========  ============================

```
.. fieldlookup:: relate
```
```
``relate``
```
```
----------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Relate.html>`__,

MariaDB, Oracle, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Conversion)

Tests if the geometry field is spatially related to the lookup geometry by

the values given in the given pattern.  This lookup requires a tuple parameter,

``(geom, pattern)``; the form of ``pattern`` will depend on the spatial backend:

```
MariaDB, PostGIS, and SpatiaLite
```
```
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
```

On these spatial backends the intersection pattern is a string comprising

nine characters, which  define intersections between  the interior, boundary,

and exterior of the geometry field and the lookup geometry.

The intersection pattern matrix may only use the following characters:

``1``, ``2``, ``T``, ``F``, or ``*``.  This lookup type allows users to "fine tune"

a specific geometric relationship consistent with the DE-9IM model. [#fnde9im]_

```
Geometry example::
```

    # A tuple lookup parameter is used to specify the geometry and

    # the intersection pattern (the pattern here is for 'contains').

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__relate=(geom, 'T*T***FF*'))

```
PostGIS and MariaDB SQL equivalent:
```
```
.. code-block:: sql
```

    SELECT ... WHERE ST_Relate(poly, geom, 'T*T***FF*')

```
SpatiaLite SQL equivalent:
```
```
.. code-block:: sql
```

    SELECT ... WHERE Relate(poly, geom, 'T*T***FF*')

```
Raster example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__relate=(rast, 1, 'T*T***FF*'))

    Zipcode.objects.filter(rast__2__relate=(rast, 1, 'T*T***FF*'))

```
PostGIS SQL equivalent:
```
```
.. code-block:: sql
```

    SELECT ... WHERE ST_Relate(poly, ST_Polygon(rast, 1), 'T*T***FF*')

    SELECT ... WHERE ST_Relate(ST_Polygon(rast, 2), ST_Polygon(rast, 1), 'T*T***FF*')

```
Oracle
```
```
~~~~~~
```

Here the relation pattern is comprised of at least one of the nine relation

strings: ``TOUCH``, ``OVERLAPBDYDISJOINT``, ``OVERLAPBDYINTERSECT``,

``EQUAL``, ``INSIDE``, ``COVEREDBY``, ``CONTAINS``, ``COVERS``, ``ON``, and

``ANYINTERACT``.   Multiple strings may be combined with the logical Boolean

operator OR, for example, ``'inside+touch'``. [#fnsdorelate]_  The relation

```
strings are case-insensitive.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__relate=(geom, 'anyinteract'))

```
Oracle SQL equivalent:
```
```
.. code-block:: sql
```

    SELECT ... WHERE SDO_RELATE(poly, geom, 'anyinteract')

```
.. fieldlookup:: touches
```
```
``touches``
```
```
-----------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Touches.html>`__,

```
Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite
```

Tests if the geometry field spatially touches the lookup geometry.

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__touches=geom)

```
==========  ==========================
```
```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```
```
==========  ==========================
```
```
PostGIS     ``ST_Touches(poly, geom)``
```
```
MariaDB     ``ST_Touches(poly, geom)``
```
```
MySQL       ``ST_Touches(poly, geom)``
```
```
Oracle      ``SDO_TOUCH(poly, geom)``
```
```
SpatiaLite  ``Touches(poly, geom)``
```
```
==========  ==========================
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: within
```
```
``within``
```
```
----------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Within.html>`__,

Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Bilateral)

Tests if the geometry field is spatially within the lookup geometry.

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__within=geom)

```
==========  ==========================
```
```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```
```
==========  ==========================
```
```
PostGIS     ``ST_Within(poly, geom)``
```
```
MariaDB     ``ST_Within(poly, geom)``
```
```
MySQL       ``ST_Within(poly, geom)``
```
```
Oracle      ``SDO_INSIDE(poly, geom)``
```
```
SpatiaLite  ``Within(poly, geom)``
```
```
==========  ==========================
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: left
```
```
``left``
```
```
--------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Geometry_Left.html>`__,

```
PGRaster (Conversion)
```

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is strictly to the left of the

```
lookup geometry's bounding box.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__left=geom)

```
PostGIS equivalent:
```
```
.. code-block:: sql
```
```
    SELECT ... WHERE poly << geom
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: right
```
```
``right``
```
```
---------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Geometry_Right.html>`__,

```
PGRaster (Conversion)
```

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is strictly to the right of the

```
lookup geometry's bounding box.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__right=geom)

```
PostGIS equivalent:
```
```
.. code-block:: sql
```
```
    SELECT ... WHERE poly >> geom
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: overlaps_left
```
```
``overlaps_left``
```
```
-----------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Geometry_Overleft.html>`__,

```
PGRaster (Bilateral)
```

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps or is to the left of the lookup

```
geometry's bounding box.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_left=geom)

```
PostGIS equivalent:
```
```
.. code-block:: sql
```
```
    SELECT ... WHERE poly &< geom
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: overlaps_right
```
```
``overlaps_right``
```
```
------------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Geometry_Overright.html>`__,

```
PGRaster (Bilateral)
```

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps or is to the right of the lookup

```
geometry's bounding box.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_right=geom)

```
PostGIS equivalent:
```
```
.. code-block:: sql
```
```
    SELECT ... WHERE poly &> geom
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: overlaps_above
```
```
``overlaps_above``
```
```
------------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Geometry_Overabove.html>`__,

```
PGRaster (Conversion)
```

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps or is above the lookup

```
geometry's bounding box.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_above=geom)

```
PostGIS equivalent:
```
```
.. code-block:: sql
```
```
    SELECT ... WHERE poly |&> geom
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: overlaps_below
```
```
``overlaps_below``
```
```
------------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Geometry_Overbelow.html>`__,

```
PGRaster (Conversion)
```

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box overlaps or is below the lookup

```
geometry's bounding box.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__overlaps_below=geom)

```
PostGIS equivalent:
```
```
.. code-block:: sql
```
```
    SELECT ... WHERE poly &<| geom
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: strictly_above
```
```
``strictly_above``
```
```
------------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Geometry_Above.html>`__,

```
PGRaster (Conversion)
```

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is strictly above the lookup

```
geometry's bounding box.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__strictly_above=geom)

```
PostGIS equivalent:
```
```
.. code-block:: sql
```
```
    SELECT ... WHERE poly |>> geom
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: strictly_below
```
```
``strictly_below``
```
```
------------------
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Geometry_Below.html>`__,

```
PGRaster (Conversion)
```

Tests if the geometry field's bounding box is strictly below the lookup

```
geometry's bounding box.
```
```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__strictly_below=geom)

```
PostGIS equivalent:
```
```
.. code-block:: sql
```
```
    SELECT ... WHERE poly <<| geom
```
```
.. _distance-lookups:
```
```
Distance Lookups
```
```
================
```

*Availability*: PostGIS, Oracle, MariaDB, MySQL, SpatiaLite, PGRaster (Native)

For an overview on performing distance queries, please refer to

the :ref:`distance queries introduction <distance-queries>`.

Distance lookups take the following form::

    <field>__<distance lookup>=(<geometry/raster>, <distance value>[, 'spheroid'])

    <field>__<distance lookup>=(<raster>, <band_index>, <distance value>[, 'spheroid'])

    <field>__<band_index>__<distance lookup>=(<raster>, <band_index>, <distance value>[, 'spheroid'])

The value passed into a distance lookup is a tuple; the first two

values are mandatory, and are the geometry to calculate distances to,

and a distance value (either a number in units of the field, a

:class:`~django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance` object, or a :doc:`query

expression </ref/models/expressions>`). To pass a band index to the lookup, use

a 3-tuple where the second entry is the band index.

On every distance lookup except :lookup:`dwithin`, an optional element,

``'spheroid'``, may be included to use the more accurate spheroid distance

calculation functions on fields with a geodetic coordinate system.

On PostgreSQL, the ``'spheroid'`` option uses `ST_DistanceSpheroid

<https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Distance_Spheroid.html>`__ instead of

`ST_DistanceSphere <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_DistanceSphere.html>`__. The

simpler `ST_Distance <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Distance.html>`__ function is

used with projected coordinate systems. Rasters are converted to geometries for

```
spheroid based lookups.
```
```
.. fieldlookup:: distance_gt
```
```
``distance_gt``
```
```
---------------
```

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup

geometry is greater than the given distance value.

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_gt=(geom, D(m=5)))

==========  ==================================================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  ==================================================

PostGIS     ``ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) > 5``

MariaDB     ``ST_Distance(poly, geom) > 5``

MySQL       ``ST_Distance(poly, geom) > 5``

Oracle      ``SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) > 5``

SpatiaLite  ``Distance(poly, geom) > 5``

==========  ==================================================

```
.. fieldlookup:: distance_gte
```
```
``distance_gte``
```
```
----------------
```

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup

geometry is greater than or equal to the given distance value.

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_gte=(geom, D(m=5)))

==========  ===================================================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  ===================================================

PostGIS     ``ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) >= 5``

MariaDB     ``ST_Distance(poly, geom) >= 5``

MySQL       ``ST_Distance(poly, geom) >= 5``

Oracle      ``SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) >= 5``

SpatiaLite  ``Distance(poly, geom) >= 5``

==========  ===================================================

```
.. fieldlookup:: distance_lt
```
```
``distance_lt``
```
```
---------------
```

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup

geometry is less than the given distance value.

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_lt=(geom, D(m=5)))

==========  ==================================================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  ==================================================

PostGIS     ``ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) < 5``

MariaDB     ``ST_Distance(poly, geom) < 5``

MySQL       ``ST_Distance(poly, geom) < 5``

Oracle      ``SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) < 5``

SpatiaLite  ``Distance(poly, geom) < 5``

==========  ==================================================

```
.. fieldlookup:: distance_lte
```
```
``distance_lte``
```
```
----------------
```

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup

geometry is less than or equal to the given distance value.

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__distance_lte=(geom, D(m=5)))

==========  ===================================================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  ===================================================

PostGIS     ``ST_Distance/ST_Distance_Sphere(poly, geom) <= 5``

MariaDB     ``ST_Distance(poly, geom) <= 5``

MySQL       ``ST_Distance(poly, geom) <= 5``

Oracle      ``SDO_GEOM.SDO_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 0.05) <= 5``

SpatiaLite  ``Distance(poly, geom) <= 5``

==========  ===================================================

```
.. fieldlookup:: dwithin
```
```
``dwithin``
```
```
-----------
```

Returns models where the distance to the geometry field from the lookup

geometry are within the given distance from one another. Note that you can only

provide :class:`~django.contrib.gis.measure.Distance` objects if the targeted

geometries are in a projected system. For geographic geometries, you should use

units of the geometry field (e.g. degrees for ``WGS84``) .

```
Example::
```

    Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__dwithin=(geom, D(m=5)))

==========  ======================================

```
Backend     SQL Equivalent
```

==========  ======================================

PostGIS     ``ST_DWithin(poly, geom, 5)``

Oracle      ``SDO_WITHIN_DISTANCE(poly, geom, 5)``

SpatiaLite  ``PtDistWithin(poly, geom, 5)``

==========  ======================================

```
Aggregate Functions
```
```
-------------------
```

Django provides some GIS-specific aggregate functions. For details on how to

use these aggregate functions, see :doc:`the topic guide on aggregation

```
</topics/db/aggregation>`.
```

=====================  =====================================================

```
Keyword Argument       Description
```

=====================  =====================================================

``tolerance``          This keyword is for Oracle only.  It is for the

                       tolerance value used by the ``SDOAGGRTYPE``

                       procedure; the  `Oracle documentation`__ has more

```
                       details.
```

=====================  =====================================================

__ https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/21/spatl/

   spatial-concepts.html#GUID-CE10AB14-D5EA-43BA-A647-DAC9EEF41EE6

```
Example::
```

    >>> from django.contrib.gis.db.models import Extent, Union

    >>> WorldBorder.objects.aggregate(Extent('mpoly'), Union('mpoly'))

```
``Collect``
```
```
~~~~~~~~~~~
```
```
.. class:: Collect(geo_field)
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Collect.html>`__,

```
SpatiaLite
```

Returns a ``GEOMETRYCOLLECTION`` or a ``MULTI`` geometry object from the geometry

column. This is analogous to a simplified version of the :class:`Union`

aggregate, except it can be several orders of magnitude faster than performing

a union because it rolls up geometries into a collection or multi object, not

```
caring about dissolving boundaries.
```
```
``Extent``
```
```
~~~~~~~~~~
```
```
.. class:: Extent(geo_field)
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Extent.html>`__,

```
Oracle, SpatiaLite
```

Returns the extent of all ``geo_field`` in the ``QuerySet`` as a four-tuple,

comprising the lower left coordinate and the upper right coordinate.

```
Example::
```

    >>> qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')).aggregate(Extent('poly'))

```
    >>> print(qs['poly__extent'])
```

    (-96.8016128540039, 29.7633724212646, -95.3631439208984, 32.782058715820)

```
``Extent3D``
```
```
~~~~~~~~~~~~
```
```
.. class:: Extent3D(geo_field)
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_3DExtent.html>`__

Returns the 3D extent of all ``geo_field`` in the ``QuerySet`` as a six-tuple,

comprising the lower left coordinate and upper right coordinate (each with x, y,

```
and z coordinates).
```
```
Example::
```

    >>> qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')).aggregate(Extent3D('poly'))

```
    >>> print(qs['poly__extent3d'])
```

    (-96.8016128540039, 29.7633724212646, 0, -95.3631439208984, 32.782058715820, 0)

```
``MakeLine``
```
```
~~~~~~~~~~~~
```
```
.. class:: MakeLine(geo_field)
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_MakeLine.html>`__,

```
SpatiaLite
```

Returns a ``LineString`` constructed from the point field geometries in the

``QuerySet``. Currently, ordering the queryset has no effect.

```
Example::
```

    >>> qs = City.objects.filter(name__in=('Houston', 'Dallas')).aggregate(MakeLine('poly'))

```
    >>> print(qs['poly__makeline'])
```

    LINESTRING (-95.3631510000000020 29.7633739999999989, -96.8016109999999941 32.7820570000000018)

```
``Union``
```
```
~~~~~~~~~
```
```
.. class:: Union(geo_field)
```

*Availability*: `PostGIS <https://postgis.net/docs/ST_Union.html>`__,

```
Oracle, SpatiaLite
```

This method returns a :class:`~django.contrib.gis.geos.GEOSGeometry` object

comprising the union of every geometry in the queryset. Please note that use of

``Union`` is processor intensive and may take a significant amount of time on

```
large querysets.
```
```
.. note::
```

    If the computation time for using this method is too expensive, consider

```
    using :class:`Collect` instead.
```
```
Example::
```

    >>> u = Zipcode.objects.aggregate(Union(poly))  # This may take a long time.

    >>> u = Zipcode.objects.filter(poly__within=bbox).aggregate(Union(poly))  # A more sensible approach.

```
.. rubric:: Footnotes
```

.. [#fnde9im] *See* `OpenGIS Simple Feature Specification For SQL <https://portal.ogc.org/files/?artifact_id=829>`_, at Ch. 2.1.13.2, p. 2-13 (The Dimensionally Extended Nine-Intersection Model).

.. [#fnsdorelate] *See* `SDO_RELATE documentation <https://docs.oracle.com/en/

   database/oracle/oracle-database/18/spatl/spatial-operators-reference.html#

   GUID-97C17C18-F05E-49B4-BE11-E89B972E2A02>`_, from the Oracle Spatial and

```
   Graph Developer's Guide.
```

.. [#fncovers] For an explanation of this routine, read `Quirks of the "Contains" Spatial Predicate <https://lin-ear-th-inking.blogspot.com/2007/06/subtleties-of-ogc-covers-spatial.html>`_ by Martin Davis (a PostGIS developer).