=====================================

Writing your first Django app, part 1

=====================================

Let's learn by example.

Throughout this tutorial, we'll walk you through the creation of a basic

poll application.

It'll consist of two parts:

* A public site that lets people view polls and vote in them.

* An admin site that lets you add, change, and delete polls.

We'll assume you have :doc:`Django installed </intro/install>` already. You can

tell Django is installed and which version by running the following command

in a shell prompt (indicated by the $ prefix):

.. console::

    $ python -m django --version

If Django is installed, you should see the version of your installation. If it

isn't, you'll get an error telling "No module named django".

This tutorial is written for Django |version|, which supports Python 3.8 and

later. If the Django version doesn't match, you can refer to the tutorial for

your version of Django by using the version switcher at the bottom right corner

of this page, or update Django to the newest version. If you're using an older

version of Python, check :ref:`faq-python-version-support` to find a compatible

version of Django.

See :doc:`How to install Django </topics/install>` for advice on how to remove

older versions of Django and install a newer one.

.. admonition:: Where to get help:

    If you're having trouble going through this tutorial, please head over to

    the :doc:`Getting Help</faq/help>` section of the FAQ.

Creating a project

==================

If this is your first time using Django, you'll have to take care of some

initial setup. Namely, you'll need to auto-generate some code that establishes a

Django :term:`project` -- a collection of settings for an instance of Django,

including database configuration, Django-specific options and

application-specific settings.

From the command line, ``cd`` into a directory where you'd like to store your

code, then run the following command:

.. console::

   $ django-admin startproject mysite

This will create a ``mysite`` directory in your current directory. If it didn't

work, see :ref:`troubleshooting-django-admin`.

.. note::

    You'll need to avoid naming projects after built-in Python or Django

    components. In particular, this means you should avoid using names like

    ``django`` (which will conflict with Django itself) or ``test`` (which

    conflicts with a built-in Python package).

.. admonition:: Where should this code live?

    If your background is in plain old PHP (with no use of modern frameworks),

    you're probably used to putting code under the web server's document root

    (in a place such as ``/var/www``). With Django, you don't do that. It's

    not a good idea to put any of this Python code within your web server's

    document root, because it risks the possibility that people may be able

    to view your code over the web. That's not good for security.

    Put your code in some directory **outside** of the document root, such as

    :file:`/home/mycode`.

Let's look at what :djadmin:`startproject` created::

    mysite/

        manage.py

        mysite/

            __init__.py

            settings.py

            urls.py

            asgi.py

            wsgi.py

These files are:

* The outer :file:`mysite/` root directory is a container for your project. Its

  name doesn't matter to Django; you can rename it to anything you like.

* :file:`manage.py`: A command-line utility that lets you interact with this

  Django project in various ways. You can read all the details about

  :file:`manage.py` in :doc:`/ref/django-admin`.

* The inner :file:`mysite/` directory is the actual Python package for your

  project. Its name is the Python package name you'll need to use to import

  anything inside it (e.g. ``mysite.urls``).

* :file:`mysite/__init__.py`: An empty file that tells Python that this

  directory should be considered a Python package. If you're a Python beginner,

  read :ref:`more about packages <tut-packages>` in the official Python docs.

* :file:`mysite/settings.py`: Settings/configuration for this Django

  project.  :doc:`/topics/settings` will tell you all about how settings

  work.

* :file:`mysite/urls.py`: The URL declarations for this Django project; a

  "table of contents" of your Django-powered site. You can read more about

  URLs in :doc:`/topics/http/urls`.

* :file:`mysite/asgi.py`: An entry-point for ASGI-compatible web servers to

  serve your project. See :doc:`/howto/deployment/asgi/index` for more details.

* :file:`mysite/wsgi.py`: An entry-point for WSGI-compatible web servers to

  serve your project. See :doc:`/howto/deployment/wsgi/index` for more details.

The development server

======================

Let's verify your Django project works. Change into the outer :file:`mysite` directory, if

you haven't already, and run the following commands:

.. console::

   $ python manage.py runserver

You'll see the following output on the command line:

.. parsed-literal::

    Performing system checks...

    System check identified no issues (0 silenced).

    You have unapplied migrations; your app may not work properly until they are applied.

    Run 'python manage.py migrate' to apply them.

    |today| - 15:50:53

    Django version |version|, using settings 'mysite.settings'

    Starting development server at http://127.0.0.1:8000/

    Quit the server with CONTROL-C.

.. note::

    Ignore the warning about unapplied database migrations for now; we'll deal

    with the database shortly.

You've started the Django development server, a lightweight web server written

purely in Python. We've included this with Django so you can develop things

rapidly, without having to deal with configuring a production server -- such as

Apache -- until you're ready for production.

Now's a good time to note: **don't** use this server in anything resembling a

production environment. It's intended only for use while developing. (We're in

the business of making web frameworks, not web servers.)

Now that the server's running, visit http://127.0.0.1:8000/ with your web

browser. You'll see a "Congratulations!" page, with a rocket taking off.

It worked!

.. admonition:: Changing the port

    By default, the :djadmin:`runserver` command starts the development server

    on the internal IP at port 8000.

    If you want to change the server's port, pass

    it as a command-line argument. For instance, this command starts the server

    on port 8080:

    .. console::

        $ python manage.py runserver 8080

    If you want to change the server's IP, pass it along with the port. For

    example, to listen on all available public IPs (which is useful if you are

    running Vagrant or want to show off your work on other computers on the

    network), use:

    .. console::

        $ python manage.py runserver 0.0.0.0:8000

    Full docs for the development server can be found in the

    :djadmin:`runserver` reference.

.. admonition:: Automatic reloading of :djadmin:`runserver`

    The development server automatically reloads Python code for each request

    as needed. You don't need to restart the server for code changes to take

    effect. However, some actions like adding files don't trigger a restart,

    so you'll have to restart the server in these cases.

Creating the Polls app

======================

Now that your environment -- a "project" -- is set up, you're set to start

doing work.

Each application you write in Django consists of a Python package that follows

a certain convention. Django comes with a utility that automatically generates

the basic directory structure of an app, so you can focus on writing code

rather than creating directories.

.. admonition:: Projects vs. apps

    What's the difference between a project and an app? An app is a web

    application that does something -- e.g., a blog system, a database of

    public records or a small poll app. A project is a collection of

    configuration and apps for a particular website. A project can contain

    multiple apps. An app can be in multiple projects.

Your apps can live anywhere on your :ref:`Python path <tut-searchpath>`. In

this tutorial, we'll create our poll app in the same directory as your

:file:`manage.py` file so that it can be imported as its own top-level module,

rather than a submodule of ``mysite``.

To create your app, make sure you're in the same directory as :file:`manage.py`

and type this command:

.. console::

    $ python manage.py startapp polls

That'll create a directory :file:`polls`, which is laid out like this::

    polls/

        __init__.py

        admin.py

        apps.py

        migrations/

            __init__.py

        models.py

        tests.py

        views.py

This directory structure will house the poll application.

Write your first view

=====================

Let's write the first view. Open the file ``polls/views.py``

and put the following Python code in it:

.. code-block:: python

    :caption: ``polls/views.py``

    from django.http import HttpResponse

    def index(request):

        return HttpResponse("Hello, world. You're at the polls index.")

This is the simplest view possible in Django. To call the view, we need to map

it to a URL - and for this we need a URLconf.

To create a URLconf in the polls directory, create a file called ``urls.py``.

Your app directory should now look like::

    polls/

        __init__.py

        admin.py

        apps.py

        migrations/

            __init__.py

        models.py

        tests.py

        urls.py

        views.py

In the ``polls/urls.py`` file include the following code:

.. code-block:: python

    :caption: ``polls/urls.py``

    from django.urls import path

    from . import views

    urlpatterns = [

        path('', views.index, name='index'),

    ]

The next step is to point the root URLconf at the ``polls.urls`` module. In

``mysite/urls.py``, add an import for ``django.urls.include`` and insert an

:func:`~django.urls.include` in the ``urlpatterns`` list, so you have:

.. code-block:: python

    :caption: ``mysite/urls.py``

    from django.contrib import admin

    from django.urls import include, path

    urlpatterns = [

        path('polls/', include('polls.urls')),

        path('admin/', admin.site.urls),

    ]

The :func:`~django.urls.include` function allows referencing other URLconfs.

Whenever Django encounters :func:`~django.urls.include`, it chops off whatever

part of the URL matched up to that point and sends the remaining string to the

included URLconf for further processing.

The idea behind :func:`~django.urls.include` is to make it easy to

plug-and-play URLs. Since polls are in their own URLconf

(``polls/urls.py``), they can be placed under "/polls/", or under

"/fun_polls/", or under "/content/polls/", or any other path root, and the

app will still work.

.. admonition:: When to use :func:`~django.urls.include()`

    You should always use ``include()`` when you include other URL patterns.

    ``admin.site.urls`` is the only exception to this.

You have now wired an ``index`` view into the URLconf. Verify it's working with

the following command:

.. console::

   $ python manage.py runserver

Go to http://localhost:8000/polls/ in your browser, and you should see the

text "*Hello, world. You're at the polls index.*", which you defined in the

``index`` view.

.. admonition:: Page not found?

    If you get an error page here, check that you're going to

    http://localhost:8000/polls/ and not http://localhost:8000/.

The :func:`~django.urls.path` function is passed four arguments, two required:

``route`` and ``view``, and two optional: ``kwargs``, and ``name``.

At this point, it's worth reviewing what these arguments are for.

:func:`~django.urls.path` argument: ``route``

---------------------------------------------

``route`` is a string that contains a URL pattern. When processing a request,

Django starts at the first pattern in ``urlpatterns`` and makes its way down

the list, comparing the requested URL against each pattern until it finds one

that matches.

Patterns don't search GET and POST parameters, or the domain name. For example,

in a request to ``https://www.example.com/myapp/``, the URLconf will look for

``myapp/``. In a request to ``https://www.example.com/myapp/?page=3``, the

URLconf will also look for ``myapp/``.

:func:`~django.urls.path` argument: ``view``

--------------------------------------------

When Django finds a matching pattern, it calls the specified view function with

an :class:`~django.http.HttpRequest` object as the first argument and any

"captured" values from the route as keyword arguments. We'll give an example

of this in a bit.

:func:`~django.urls.path` argument: ``kwargs``

----------------------------------------------

Arbitrary keyword arguments can be passed in a dictionary to the target view. We

aren't going to use this feature of Django in the tutorial.

:func:`~django.urls.path` argument: ``name``

--------------------------------------------

Naming your URL lets you refer to it unambiguously from elsewhere in Django,

especially from within templates. This powerful feature allows you to make

global changes to the URL patterns of your project while only touching a single

file.

When you're comfortable with the basic request and response flow, read

:doc:`part 2 of this tutorial </intro/tutorial02>` to start working with the

database.